Objective To assess the effective length of jejunal graft when the 3~(rd) intestinal artery is u- tilized as vascular pedicle and afford a reliable theoretic base for clinical esophageal reconstruction.Methods In 32 formalin preserved and 21 fresh cadaver specimens,the diameter of 1st to 5th intestinal arteries and diameter of arterial arches are measured with linear calibre.Measure the length of jejunum that can be harves- ted as graft when the arches are extended.In the 21 fresh specimens,the 1st,2nd,4th and 5th intestinal ar- teries are ligated,acetic ester stained with red dye were injected into the lumen of 3rd intestinal artery via catheter.Extent of distribution of the arteries to the jejunum was observed.And then red ABS solution was in- jected into the 3rd intestinal artery to make into cast specimen.The blood supply distribution of jejunum through 3rd intestinal artery-arterial arch and communicating system were observed again.Results The di- ameter of the 3rd intestinal artery was the largest among the 1st to 5th intestinal arteries.The length of jejunum vascularized by 3rd intestinal artery can be as long as (142.2?62.3) (69.0～206.60cm) in acetic ester in- filtrated specimens.While in ABS east specimen,the average available extent of donor jejunum was(30.8?7.3) (23.0～37.3cm).Conclusion As observed by this applied anatomy study,the jejunum graft vascu- larized by 3rd intestinal artery alone has sufficient length to meet the need of esophageal reeonstrution.

To obtain peptides mimicking epitope of a protective McAb SSjl4 specific to Schistosoma japonicum and investigate their immuno-protection effects. A phage random 12 peptide library was screened using purified McAb SSj14, 33 clones were picked up for specificity identification by ELISA. The epitope of each positive clones were detected by the sequencing analysis technique. The antigenicity of three positive clones (P1, P2 and P11) and their mixture cock-tail were further confirmed by Western-blotting, and their protective efficiency were evaluated by mice vaccination experiment. IL-12 level between the vaccinated mice and control mice were compared. 30 positive phage clones were obtained, which represented 11 different epitopes respectively, there were a similar sequence "H-N/Q-X-S-P/F-X-X-L-A-T" among all of the epitopes. Western-blotting showed that all of the three tested clones were recognized by McAb SSj14. Significant adult worm reduction (13.84% to approximately 52.83%), liver tissue egg reduction (34.17% to approximately 65.47%) as well as fecal egg reduction (28.89% to approximately 73.78%) were observed in mice vaccinated with phages of P1, P2, P11 and mixture of three clones when compared with those of the blank control group, among them, the mice vaccinated with the mixture of phage clones got higher protection than any of the mice injected with only one kind of clone phages. At the same time, the IL-12 level in serum of vaccinated mice was found higher than those of the blank control one, this suggest that IL-12 may correlate with the protective efficiency induced by the clone phages. The study provides a new way for developing an effective vaccine against S. japonicum.
Animals ; Antibodies, Helminth ; immunology ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; immunology ; Antigens, Helminth ; immunology ; Epitopes ; immunology ; Interleukin-12 ; blood ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Molecular Mimicry ; Peptide Library ; Schistosoma japonicum ; immunology ; Schistosomiasis japonica ; immunology ; prevention & control ; Vaccination

A large amount of evidence has showed that sexually transmitted infection is an important synergistic factor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.Therefore, this paper reviews the current situation of sexually-transmitted diseases (STD) and HIV infection, introduces HIV prevention and intervention measures and problems for STD patients at home and abroad, and proposes that behavior-psychology-society integrated intervention model should be constructed based on the characteristics of STD patients.

BACKGROUNDDiabetic gastroparesis is a disabling condition with no consistently effective treatment. In normal animals, both ghrelin and its synthetic peptide, growth hormone releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6), increase gastric emptying. Thus, we investigated the potential therapeutic significance of ghrelin and GHRP-6 in diabetic guinea pigs with gastric motility disorders.

METHODSA diabetic guinea pig model was produced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 280 mg/kg). Diabetic guinea pigs were injected i.p. with ghrelin or GHRP-6 (10 - 100 microg/kg), and the effects on gastric emptying were measured after intragastric application of phenol red. The effect of atropine or a growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) antagonist, D-Lys(3)-GHRP-6, on the gastroprokinetic effects of ghrelin or GHRP-6 (100 microg/kg) was also investigated. Further, the in vitro effects of ghrelin or GHRP-6 (0.01 - 10 micromol/L) on spontaneous or carbachol-induced contractile amplitude in gastric fundic circular strips taken from diabetic guinea pigs were examined. Growth hormone secretagogue receptor transcripts in the fundic strips of diabetic guinea pigs were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

RESULTSWe established a guinea pig model of delayed gastric emptying. Ghrelin (20, 50, or 100 microg/kg) and GHRP-6 (20, 50, or 100 microg/kg) accelerated gastric emptying in diabetic guinea pigs with gastroparesis (n = 6, P < 0.05). In the presence of atropine, which delayed gastric emptying, ghrelin and GHRP-6 (100 microg/kg) failed to accelerate gastric emptying (n = 6, P < 0.05). D-Lys(3)-GHRP-6 also delayed gastric emptying induced by the GHS-R agonist (n = 6, P < 0.05). Ghrelin and GHRP-6 increased the carbachol-induced contractile amplitude in gastric fundic strips taken from diabetic guinea pigs (n = 6, P < 0.05). RT-PCR confirmed the presence of GHS-R mRNA in the strip preparations.

CONCLUSIONSGhrelin and GHRP-6 increased gastric emptying in diabetic guinea pigs with gastroparesis, potentially, by activating the peripheral cholinergic pathways in the enteric nervous system.

Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; complications ; Female ; Gastric Emptying ; drug effects ; Gastroparesis ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Ghrelin ; therapeutic use ; Guinea Pigs ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; Muscle Contraction ; drug effects ; Oligopeptides ; therapeutic use ; Receptors, Ghrelin ; analysis ; Streptozocin

Objective:To develop a questionnaire for compliance with the management standard of nosocomial infection control in hemodialysis rooms (centers), and to evaluate the reliability and validity.Methods:Based on the Knowledge, Attitude/Belief, Practice (KAP) survey model, the initial questionnaire was formed by using literature review, the brainstorming and expert consultation. And the final questionnaire was developed by preliminary investigation and the formal investigation, and the reliability and validity test was carried out.Results:The questionnaire consisted of 3 subscales of knowledge, attitude and practice, totaling 40 items. The S-CVI was 0.953, 0.979, 0.943 respectively and that of each item was above 0.867. In the exploratory factor analysis, 3, 1 and 3 common factors were extracted and the cumulative contribution rate was 47.178%, 68.313% and 62.271% respectively. The Cronbach α coefficient was 0.906 for the total questionnaire and 0.641, 0.958 and 0.864 for 3 subscales. The retest reliability was 0.954 for the total questionnaire and 0.694, 0.893 and 0.708 for 3 subscales.Conclusions:The questionnaire had high reliability and validity, which can be used as an effective evaluation tool for the standard to investigate the compliance of medical staffs in hemodialysis rooms.

OBJECTIVETo study the role of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in newly diagnosed childhood immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).

METHODSA total of 495 children with newly diagnosed ITP who were hospitalized for the first time between January 2011 and December 2013 were included as the case group. A total of 123 children with common respiratory tract infection (not ITP or other diseases of blood system) were randomly selected as the control group. All patients were divided into four groups by age: <1 year group, 1-3 years group, 3-7 years group, and 7-14 years group. The incidence of H. pylori infection in all age groups and the clinical outcomes of ITP children with or without H. pylori infection were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTSThe incidence rate of H. pylori infection in the case group increased with increasing age. There was no significant difference in the incidence rate of H. pylori infection between the case and the control groups among subjects of the same age (P>0.05). All the ITP patients were not given anti-H. pylori treatment and only received the treatment (glucocorticoid and/or immunoglobulin) for ITP, and their remission rate declined with increasing age. There was no significant difference in the remission rate between the ITP children with H. pylori infection and those without H. pylori infection in the same age group (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONSH. pylori infection may not be a major cause of ITP in children, and the clinical outcomes of children with acute ITP are not affected by receiving anti-H. pylori treatment or not.

Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Helicobacter Infections ; complications ; epidemiology ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Male ; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic ; etiology

Objective To investigate the regulating effect of fire needling on Wnt andβ-catenin genes of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in neural stem cells in spinal cord injury.Methods Sixty female SD rats were randomly allocated, including 5 rats to a blank group, 5 rats to a sham operation group, 25 rats to a model group and 25 rats to a fire needling group. The model and fire needling groups of rats were again separately divided into 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 10 d and 14 d groups. A model was made using modified Allen's method in the model and fire needling groups. The BBB score was recorded and the expressions of Wnt andβ-catenin genes were determined in every group.Results In the model and fire needling groups, the BBB scores were significantly higher at 7 and 10 days than at the previous time point and there was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The BBB score at every time point after treatment was significantly higher in the fire needling group than in the model group and there was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Wnt3a gene expressions increased in the model and fire needling groups at 7 and 10 days compare with the previous time point (P<0.05). At 7 and 10 days, Wnt3a gene expression was higher in the fire needling group than in the model group and there was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The changing tendency ofβ-catenin gene expression levels was basically the same as that of Wnt3a's.Conclusion Fire needling can modulate the expressions of Wnt3a andβ-catenin genes in neural stem cells in spinal cord injury.

To evaluate the effects of glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition (PN) and probiotics in adult autoimmune enteropathy (AIE) patients. Four adult AIE patients were identified from April 2006 to January 2012. Clinical and nutritional data were obtained from the patients' medical records. Glutamine-supplemented PN started immediately when the AIE diagnosis was confirmed. The total PN duration was 351 days. According to the PN prescription, the average caloric intake ranged from 20 to 25 kcal/kg/day, and the protein intake ranged from 1.2 to 1.5 g/kg/day. Alanyl-glutamine (20 g/day) was administered to AIE patients for 4 weeks followed by a 2-week break, and this treatment schedule was repeated when PN lasted for more than 6 weeks. Body weight gain and an increased serum albumin level were achieved after PN, and defecation frequency and quality also improved. Each patient received oral supplements, 250 mL of Ensure and two probiotics capsules (each capsule containing 0.5x10(8) colonies) three times a day when enteral nutrition started. Three AIE patients were successfully weaned off PN, and one patient died of pneumonia. Glutamine-supplemented PN and probiotics show promise in managing patients with AIE and related malnutrition.
Adult ; Bifidobacterium ; Enterococcus faecalis ; Female ; Glutamine/*administration & dosage ; Humans ; Lactobacillus acidophilus ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Malnutrition/therapy ; Parenteral Nutrition/*methods ; Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/*therapy ; Probiotics/*administration & dosage ; Young Adult

Objective:To observe any regulatory effect of a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) on A2A adenosine receptors (A2ARs) in the nucleus pulposus of rats with intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), and to explore any combination with the A2ARs′ agonist-mediating ROS/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.Methods:Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group, an intervertebral disc degeneration group (the model group), an A2AR agonist CGS-21680 treatment group (the agonist group), a PEMF group and a PEMF combined with CGS-21680 treatment group (the observation group). IDD was modeled in all except the rats in the control group. 100μL of CGS-21680 (100μg/kg) was injected into the L 5-6 intervertebral discs of the agonist group, while the PEMF group was given 30 minutes of PEMF intervention daily for 14 days at 1.5mT and 75Hz with a pulse width of 150μs. The observation group was injected with CGS-21680 and then given the same PEMF intervention. Primary nucleus pulposus cells from each group (50ng/mL) were cultured and the expressions of 8-OHDG, SOD, MDA and ROS were detected by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence or with an ELISA kit. The A2AR, PI3K, AKT and p-AKT protein levels were detected using western blotting. Results:The nucleus pulposus cells and the annulus fibrosus were obviously wrinkled, necrotic and broken in the model group but the annulus fibrosus was intact and the nucleus pulposus was almost normal in the observation group. Compared with the model group, the levels of SOD and A2AR, PI3K, p-AKT and AKT protein were higher in the agonist, PEMF and observation groups, while the expressions of MDA, ROS and 8-OHDG were weaker. The ROS level in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the agonist and PEMF groups, and the phosphorylation level of p-AKT in the observation group was significantly higher than in the agonist and PEMF groups. The average levels of SOD, A2AR, PI3K, p-AKT and AKT protein in the nucleus pulposus cells of the agonist, PEMF and observation groups were significantly higher than the IL-1β group′s average, while the average levels of MDA, ROS and 8-OHDG were significantly lower. The ROS levels in the observation group were significantly lower than in the agonist and PEMF groups, while the A2AR protein content and p-AKT phosphorylation in the observation group were significantly greater. The average Bax levels in the nucleus pulposus cells of the agonist, PEMF and observation groups were significantly lower than that in the IL-1β group, and the expression of Bcl-2 was significantly increased. There was significantly less apoptosis observed in the observation group than in the agonist and PEMF groups, while the expression of Bcl-2 was significantly higher.Conclusions:PEMF plays an anti-oxidative stress role by up-regulating A2AR activity and reducing ROS generation. Treatment with PEMF and A2AR agonist could further activate the phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt, down-regulate Bax and up-regulate Bcl-2, thus inhibiting the apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells and alleviating the malignant progression of IDD.

Objective Gastrokines 2(GKN2) protein expression is detected in gastric cancer tissues, the distal gastric mucosa tissues and the adjacent normal gastric tissues; the effect of GKN2 overexpression is displayed on proliferation,migration and invasion in human gastric cancer cell line MKN28. Methods Immunohistochemistry was performed to observe GKN2 expression in gastric cancinoma tissues,adjacent gastric mucosa tissues and distal gastric mucosa tissues. Then,the GKN2 gene eukaryotic expression vector Xhol GKN3SP-hGKN2-TEV-SBP Xhol was transfected into human gastric cancinoma MKN28 cells. Western blot was used to evaluate the expression of GKN2 in MKN28 cells. Cell viability,migration and invasion ability were investigated by MTT,Transwell migra-tion assay and Transwell invasion assay. Results GKN2 expression in gastric cancinoma tissues is lower in com-parison with those in the adjacent normal gastric tissues or distal gastric mucosa tissues respectively (P< 0.05).The viability of MKN28 cells was significantly inhibited after transfected by GKN2 vs untransfected cells (P<0.05). GKN2 overexpression decreased the cells' number passing through both the membrane and matrigel, compared to those of untransfected cells(P < 0.05). Conclusions Downregulation of GKN2 protein expression is associated with the occurrence of gastric cancer; GKN2 overexpression can suppress the prolifera-tion, migration and invasion of MKN28 cells.