Objective:To study the sleep conditions, the prevalence of insomnia and the treatment problems in Jinuo People.Methods: 126 Jinuo People were investigated with “questionnaire of sleep conditions" which was designed for this study. Results: Sleep duration of Jinuo people decrease as they get old. The rate of siesta in people under 30-year-old was significantly higher than that of over 30-year-old. Among 126 Jinuo people,43 suffered from insomnia (34.12%). Psychiatric diseases(41.86%)and alcohol dependence(30.23%) were the two most common causes of insomnia. Among the patients with insomnia, 11(25.58%) sought for treatment. Conclusion: Compared with the general population, the prevalence of insomnia in Jinuo people was relatively higher. In view of the sampling bias and small sample, this results need to be validated by further study.

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of posterior laminectomy and transfacet discectomy combined with interbody fusion and segment fixation for the treatment of lower thoracic disc herniation.Methods From June 2000 to June 2010,36 cases of lower thoracic disc herniation were treated with method of posterior laminectomy and transfacet discectomy combined with interbody fusion and segment fixation,including 23 males and 13 females,with an average of 42 years old(range,22-61 years old).The courses of disease were from 21 days to 69 months,with an average of 22 months.The lesion locations were T10-11 for 12 cases,T11-12 for 15 cases and T12L1 for 9 cases.Each of the patients underwent X-ray and MR examination,31 of them underwent CT scanning.Twenty-five cases were central protrusion type,7 cases were para-central protrusion type,4 cases were lateral protrusionstype.The clinical results were evaluated by Otanni scored system.Results The operative time was 135-220 min,with average of 155 min.The blood loss was 350-800 ml,with average of 460 ml.All patients were successfully operated without neurological symptoms aggravation and accidents.Cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred in 12 cases,which was treated by continuous suture or dura patch repair.Two cases with giant disc herniation suffered from muscle strength decrease of lower limbs after surgery,which gradually recovered after drug treatment of hormones,dehydration,high-pressure oxygen and nerve nutrients.Postoperative X-ray examinations showed that there were no internal fixation loosening.The followed-up period was 14 days to 48 months,mean 4 months.According to Otani scored system,there were excellent results in 12 cases,good results in 18 cases and poor results in 1 case.The clinical satisfaction rate was 83.3%.Conclusion Posterior laminectomy and transfacet discectomy combined with interbody fusion and segment fixation is a safe and effective surgical procedure for the treatment of lower thoracic disc herniation.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of surgical treatment for hepatolithiasis in patients of advanced age.Methods The clinical data of 196 patients of advanced age (≥80 years) and with hepatolithiasis who were admitted to the Kailuan General Hospital from January 2009 to October 2012 were retrospectively analyzed.All the 196 patients received surgical treatment.Patients were followed up via phone call or out-patient examination till May 2013.Results Fifty-eight patients received emergent operation within 24 hours after admission,and the other 138 patients received operation 7.4 days (range,1.0-18.0 days) after admission.Fifty patients received laparoscopic surgery,including 43 received cholecystectomy + choledocholithotomy + T tube drainage,7 received choledocholithotomy + T tube drainage.One hundred and forty-six patients received open surgery,including 78 received cholecystectomy + choledocholithotomy + T tube drainage,43 received choledocholithotomy + T tube drainage and 25 received choledocholithotomy + T tube drainage + partial hepatectomy.The operation time was (78 ± 16)minutes,and the volume of intraoperative bleeding ranged between 15 mL and 300 mL.One hundred and ninety-four patients were cured and 2 patients died.Thirty-seven patients had complications after operation,with the morbidity of 18.88％ (37/196).A total of 163 patients were followed up,with the follow-up rate of 83.16％ (163/196).The median time of follow-up was 26 months (range,7-52 months).Twelve patients had hepatolithiasis recurrence,and the recurrence rate was 7.36％ (12/163).Conclusion Surgical treatment for hepatolithiasis in patients of advanced age has the advantages of high cure rate,low incidence of complications and recurrence,and the clinical efficacy is satisfactory.

Objective To explore the clinical results and complications of the traditional skeletal traction through olecranon on treating the irreducible humeral supracondylar fracture in children with of ulna.Methods Ninety-eight children patients of humeral supracondylar fracture with failure of reduction manipulation were selected as our subjects.The towel clamp-skeletal traction through olecranon of ulna was applied as the additional treatment methods.Meanwhile 5-24 months' follow-up were performed.Results According to Flynn elbow joint function evaluation standard.The curative effect was as followed.71 patients (74.7％) got the excellent outcome,17 patients (17.9％) for good outcome and 7 patients for improved utcome(7.3％).Therefore,the ratio of excellent operation reached to 92.6％.Conclusion The towel clampskeletal traction through olecranon of ulna might be an effective method to treat reliable fixation regarding of its high curing rate and simple process of performance.

Objective To explore a new technique to treat the benign stricture at hilar bile duct of plastic anastomosis, so as to obtain the theoretical basis and the feasibilities of practical application in treating the benign stricture at hilar bile duct with plastic anastomosis through the animal experiments. Methods 30 miniature pigs were randomly divided into three groups. Group A (control group):2 centimeters of the bile duct above the duodenum was isolated;Group B:The same separation of bile duct with group A, then making physical injury on it with the clamps and electric heat;Group C:Making bile duct injury model in group C as group B,and then monitoring of the diet, feces, urine, ALT, AST and bilirubin etc. When the bile duct stricture was formed, taking the plastic anastomosis operation in this group. After all the operations, we observed the diet, mental state and the color of the urine of animals in all the three groups, and tested ALT,AST,T-BIL and D-BIL levels on the pre- and post-day and every 7 days after surgery respectively. After three months of the surgery,we executed all the pigs,picked up part of the liver tissue,then preserved them by liquid nitrogen for pathological examination. Results From the day before operative-day to the 30 days after operation, there was no significant change in ALT, AST, T-BIL and D-BIL in group A,while the relative indicators of group B and C had obvious changes ( <0.05) . The indicators of group B were significantly increased 21 days after surgery, compared with pre-operation and 14 days after operation respectively ( <0.05) . In group C, the indicators were significantly declined 14 to 21 days after the plastic anastomosis compared with pre-operation (<0.05) . Conclusions Treating benign stricture at hilar bile duct of miniature pigs by plastic anastomosis is feasible and practicable. This study provides an experimental basis for clinical application of plastic anastomosis in treatment of benign stricture at hilar bile duct.

Objective To discuss the role of assistance of intraoperative uitrasonography in ret-roperitoneal laparoscopic nephron-sparing surgery for renal tumors. Methods The intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography was applied in retroperitoneal nephron-sparing surgery for 20 patients, of whom 11 were men and 9 were women. The average age was 53(range 33 to 73) years. There were 12 patients with renal cell carcinoma and the mean tumor size was 2.9(range 1.4 to 4.6)cm in diame-ter. All of them were staged as T1 N0 M0. Seven patients had angiomyolipoma and the mean tumor size was 4.5(range 1.8 to 8.0)cm in diameter and 1 patient had a 3.1 cm oncocytoma in diameter. The ul-trasonography was used to locate the tumor, observe the bloodstream and detect whether there were small satellite tumors. The surgical time, time of renal artery occlusion and operative effect were ob-served. Results Laparoscopic surgery was successful in all cases without conversion to open surger-y. Mean operative time was 115 (range 85 to 270) min, mean time of renal artery occlusion was 28 (range 22 to 50) min. During the mean followup of 16(range 4 to 30) months, no patients with renal cell carcinoma had local or port site recurrence or metastatic disease. Conclusion In retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephron-sparing surgery, the intraoperative uhrasonography is helpful to locate the tumor in the surgery, to estimate whether the renal artery is occluded completely and to excise the tumor pre-cisely.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) gene polymorphism and the clinical efficacy and cognitive function of risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia.Methods 105 cases of Han Chinese patients with schizophrenia who were treated with risperidone for 12 weeks and healthy controls of 168 cases were collected.The effect of the drug therapy with the PANSS,digit vigilance test,Raven Standard Progressive Matrices,forward and backward subtests of the digit span test were evaluated,and then the rs 165599,rs4680,rs6267,rs737865 loci in COMT gene were detected.Results (1)rs737865 was not the polymorphic locus in this sample.(2) There was statistically significant between schizophrenia patients and controls in the distribution of allele frequency and genotype frequency in rs4680 (x2=8.16,P=0.02).Haplotype GA in rs165599-rs4680 was statistically significant in schizophrenia patients and controls (x2 =4.35,P =0.04).(3) After treatment,the total score ((47.64±5.75) points),subscale scores (positive symptoms (11.66±2.90) points,negative symptoms (13.79±3.18)points,general psychotic symptoms (22.09±3.59) points) and scores of five factors model in PANSS decreased and the difference was significant (P＜0.05);the scores of digital cancellation test increased significantly compared with those before treatment(t value respectively were 12.34,10.17,4.34,all P＜0.05);the scores of forward and backward subtests of the digit span test were significantly increased compared with those before treatment (t=-5.57,P=0.00) and Raven standard reasoning test scores had increased significant (t=-19.05,P=0.00).(4) The difference of instantaneous memory score changes among rs 165599 genotypes was statistically significant after treatment (F=4.06,P=0.02).(5) The difference of negative syndromes of PANSS among rs 165599 genotypes was statistically significant after treatment (F=3.11,P=0.049).(6) The difference of negative symptoms (F=4.64,P=0.01),cognitive impairment (F=3.21,P =0.045) and instantaneous memory (F=4.86,P=0.03) among rs 6267 genotype were statistically significant after treatment.Condusion Risperidone can effectively improve the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia patients,and promote the recovery of cognitive function.Rs165599-rs4680 haplotype GA might be risk factor for the onset of schizophrenia.

Objective To explore the correlation between fasting blood glucose (FBG) and hepatocarcinogenesis.Methods The retrospective cohort study was conducted.The data of 94 264 participants who participated health examination at the Kailuan General Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology,Kailuan Linxi Hospital,Kailuan Zhaogezhuang Hospital,Kailuan Tangjiazhuang Hospital,Kailuan Fan'gezhuang Hospital,Kailuan Jinggezhuang Hospital,Kailuan Lyujiatuo Hospital,Kailuan Linnancang Hospital,Kailuan Qianjiaying Hospital,Kailuan Majiagou Hospital and Kailuan Branch Hospital from July 2006 to December 2015 were collected.There were 75 134 males and 19 130 females,aged (51:±:12)years,with a range of 18-98 years.All the subjects were allocated into 3 groups according to tertiles of FBG,including 31 083 with FBG ＜ 4.82 mmol/L in the T1 group,31 594 with 4.82 mmol/L≤ FBG ＜5.49 mmol/L in the T2 group and 31 587 with FBG ≥5.49 mmol/L in the T3 group.All participants received the same-order health examinations by the fixed team of doctors in 2006,2008,2010,2012 and 2014 at the same place.Epidemiological investigation,anthropometric parameters and biochemical indicators were collected.Observation indicators:(1) comparisons of clinical characteristics among the 3 groups;(2) follow-up and incidence of liver cancer;(3) situations of non-liver cancer death;(4) risk factors analysis affecting new-onset liver cancer;(5) comparisons of the prognostic value of FBG on liver cancer model;(6) effects of FBG on new-onset liver cancer using competing risk model.Follow-up using physical examination was performed to detect new-onset liver cancer and survival up to December 31,2015.The start time of follow-up was the first health examination in 2016 and the terminal event was new-onset liver cancer,loss of follow-up and death.Measurement data with normal distribution were expressed as Mean±SD,and comparisons among groups were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA.Measurement data with skewed distribution were described as M (range),and comparisons among groups were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test.Count data were described as absolute number and percentage,and comparisons among groups were analyzed using the chi-square test.The cumulative incidence and mortality of new-onset liver cancer were calculated and incidence curve was drawn by the Kaplan-Meier method,and comparisons of incidences among groups were done by the Log-rank test.The incidence of liver cancer in patients with different levels of FBG was calculated by person-year incidence (incidence density).The hazard ratio (HR) and 95％ confidence interval (CI) of different levels of FBG (classification variable and continuous variable) on new-onset liver cancer were estimated by the COX proportional hazards regression models.Restrictive cubic spline regression was used to calculate the dose-response relation between the continuous FBG and the risks of new-onset liver cancer.The fitting degree of FBG on new-onset liver cancer model was calculated by the likelihood ratio test and akaike information criterion (AIC).The predictive power of different models was calculated using the C-statistics.The net effects of FBG on incidence of liver cancer were analyzed using cause-specific hazard function (CS) and sub-distribution hazard function (SD).Results (1) Comparisons of clinical characteristics among the 3 groups:gender (male),age,systolic pressure,diastolic pressure,waistline,body mass index (BMI),total cholesterol (TC),alanine aminotransferase (ALT),triglyceride (TG),cases with drinking,smoking,physical exercise,positive HBsAg and fatty liver were 23 567,(51±13)years,(128±21)mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),(82±12)mmHg,(86± 10) cm,(24±3) kg/m2,(4.8± 1.2) mmol/L,17.12 U/L (range,12.21-24.01 U/L),1.18 mmol/L (range,0.82-1.75 mmol/L),5 080,9 423,4 779,724,7 591 in the T1 group,24 870,(50±12)years,(129±:20)mmHg,(83±12)mmHg,(86±10)cm,(25±3)kg/m2,(4.9±l.1) mmol/L,18.31 U/L (range,13.01-24.31 U/L),1.23 mmol/L (range,0.88-1.83 mmol/L),5 448,9 397,4 570,619,9 009 in the T2 group and 26 697,(53±11)years,(135±22)mmHg,(86±12)mmHg,(89±10)cm,(26±3)kg/m2,(5.1± 1.2) mmol/L,19.00 U/L (range,13.79-26.61 U/L),1.44 mmol/L (range,1.00-2.21 mmol/L),6 354,10 292,5 369,608,13 397 in the T3 group,showing statistically significant differences among groups (x2 =761.68,F=417.84,1 010.71,747.64,702.73,1 075.06,703.83,x2=447.44,2 109.38,165.97,66.69,78.90,15.50,2 576.95,P＜0.05).(2) Follow-up and incidence of liver cancer:all 94 264 participants were followed up for 817 475 person-year,with a total person-year incidence of 3.71/10 000 person-year,1.13/10 000 person-year in the female participants and 4.37/10 000 person-year in the male participants.The incidence density of liver cancer was 2.84/10 000 person-year,3.64/10 000 person-year,4.64/10 000 person-year in the T1,T2,T3 groups,respectively.The cumulative incidence was 2.76‰,3.90‰,4.90‰ in the T1,T2,T3 groups,respectively,showing statistically significant differences among groups (x2=11.95,P ＜ 0.05),showing no statistically significant difference between T1 and T2 groups (x2 =2.73,P＞0.05),showing statistically significant differences between T1 and T3 groups,between T2 and T3 groups (x2=11.56,4.10,P＜0.05).(3) Situations of non-liver cancer death:during the follow-up,6 880 of 94 264 participants had of non-liver cancer related death,with a non-liver cancer death intensity of 84.16/10 000 person-year.The non-liver cancer death intensity was 79.19/10 000 person-year,68.17/10 000 person-year,105.32/10 000 person-year in the T1,T2,T3 groups.The accumulative mortality was 78.90‰,67.80‰,104.40‰ in the T1,T2,T3 groups,respectively,showing a statistically significant difference among groups (x2 =1 231.46,P ＜ 0.05),showing statistically significant differences between T1 and T2 groups,between T1 and T3 groups (x2 =5.29,4.36,P＜0.05),showing no statistically significant difference between T2 and T3 groups (x2 =0.09,P＞ 0.05).(4) Risk factors analysis affecting new-onset liver cancer.Results of COX proportional hazards regression model analysis showed that continuous FBG was a related factor affecting new-onset liver cancer after adjustment of gender,age,BMI,ALT,drinking,smoking,physical exercise,positive HBsAg,fatty liver,liver cirrhosis,malignant tumor in immediate family (HR =1.06,95％ CI:1.01-1.12,P＜0.05).After ln transformation of FBG,ln FBG was a related factor affecting new-onset liver cancer (HR=1.81,95％ CI:1.21-2.70,P＜0.05).Results of restrictive cubic spline regression showed that continous FBG and ln FBG were nonlinear correlated with incidence of liver cancer (RCS_ S1_x2 =7.21,4.36,P＜0.05).After adding FBG as classification variable in the COX model,risk of new-onset liver cancer in the T2 and T3 groups was increased compared with the T1 group (HR=1.45,1.67,95％ CI:1.07-1.95,1.25-2.22,P ＜ 0.05).(5) Comparisons of the prognostic value of FBG on liver cancer model:multivariate model was constructed after adding risk factors of gender,age,BMI,ALT,drinking,smoking,physical exercise,positive HBsAg,fatty liver,liver cirrhosis,malignant tumor in immediate family,and C-value,-2Log L and AIC were 0.79,6 313.30 and 6 345.30 for the multivariate model.Then FBG variable was added into the multivariate model,and the C-value,-2Log L and AIC of the multivariate model + FBG model were 0.80,6 300.48 and 6 336.48,respectively,showing statistically significant differences compared with the T1 group (x2 =12.82,P＜0.05).(6) Effects of FBG on new-onset liver cancer using competing risk model.Results of competing risk model showed that the risk of new-onset liver cancer in the T2 group was not affected compared with the T 1 group (HR =1.42,95％CI:0.98-1.97,P＞0.05) and risk of new-onset liver cancer in the T3 group was increased compared with the T1 group with the SD model (HR=1.63,95％ CI:1.16-2.26,P＜0.05),after adjustment of gender,age,BMI,ALT,drinking,smoking,physical exercise,positive HBsAg,fatty liver,liver cirrhosis,malignant tumor in immediate family.In the CS model,the risk of new-onset liver cancer in the T2 group was not affected compared with the T1 group (HR=1.43,95％ CI:0.99-1.97,P＞0.05) and risk of new-onset liver cancer in the T3 group was increased compared with the T1 group (HR=1.65,95％ CI:1.18-2.23,P＜ 0.05).Conclusions The elevated FBG is an independent risk factor for the incidence of liver cancer.After considering the competitive risk of death,the risk effect of high-level FBG on the liver cancer still exists.

Objective To explore the relationship between alcohol consumption and new-onset cholelithiasis.Methods The retrospective cohort study was conducted.The data of 77 755 participants who participated health examination at the Kailuan General Hospital,Kailuan Linxi Hospital,Kailuan Zhaogezhuang Hospital,Kailuan Tangjiazhuang Hospital,Kailuan Fan'gezhuang Hospital,Kailuan Lyujiatuo Hospital,Kailuan Jinggezhuang Hospital,Kailuan Linnancang Hospital,Kailuan Qianjiaying Hospital,Kailuan Majiagou Hospital and Kailuan Branch Hospital from June 2006 to December 2015 were collected.According to definition of alcohol consumption from literature,all the 77 755 participants were allocated into the 5 groups,including 50 695 with never drinking in the never group,3 154 with alcohol withdrawal time≥ 1 year in the past group,12 410 with light drinking in the light group,1 606 with moderate drinking in the moderate group and 9 890 with heavy drinking in the heavy group.All participants received the same-order health examinations by the fixed team of doctors in 2006,2008,2010,2012 and 2014 at the same place.Epidemiological investigation,anthropometric parameters and biochemical indicators were collected.Observation indicators:(1) comparisons of clinical characteristics among the 5 groups;(2) incidence of cholelithiasis;(3) risk factors analysis affecting new-onset cholelithiasis;(4) comparisons of the fitting degree of alcohol consumption on new-onset cholelithiasis model.Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as (x)±s,and comparisons among groups were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA.The pairwise comparison and homogeneity of variance were done using the least significance difference (LSD) test.Heterogeneity of variance was analyzed by the Dunnett's T3 test.Measurement data with skewed distribution were described as M (Q),and comparisons among groups were analyzed using the rank sum test.Comparisons of count data were analyzed using chi-square test.The cumulative incidence of new-onset cholelithiasis was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method,and comparisons of incidences among groups were done by the Log-rank test.The hazard ratio (HR) and 95％ confidence interval (CI) of different intakes of alcohol on new-onset cholelithiasis were estimated by the COX proportional hazards regression models.The fitting degree of alcohol consumption on new-onset cholelithiasis model was calculated by the likelihood ratio test and akaike information criterion (AIC).Results (1) Comparisons of clinical characteristics among the 5 groups:male,age,systolic pressure,diastolic pressure,body mass index (BMI),total cholesterol (TC),triglyceride (TG),fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and waistline and cases with diabetes,hypertension,smoking and physical exercise were respectively 33 406,(51±12)years,(130±21) mmHg (1mmHg=0.133 kPa),(83± 12)mmHg,(25±4)kg/m2,(4.93±1.13)mmol/L,1.26 mmol/L (0.90-1.88 mmol/L),(5.5±1.7)mmol/L,(86±10) cm,4 538,21 773,5 873,6 140 in the never group and 3 077,(56±12) years,(134±22)mmHg,(85±12)mmHg,(25± 3) kg/m2,(4.93 ± 1.21) mmol/L,1.29 mmol/L (0.91-1.90 mmol/L),(5.6 ± 1.8) mmol/L,(89 ±9)cm,420,1 652,856,856 in the past group and 11 859,(46±12)years,(127±19)mmHg,(82±11)mmHg,(25±3)kg/m2,(4.89± 1.15) mmol/L,1.30 mmol/L (0.89-2.01 mmol/L),(5.4± 1.4) mmol/L,(87±9)cm,891,4294,2 186,2 186 in the light group and 1 585,(58±11)years,(134±22)mmHg,(84±11)mmHg,(25±3)kg/m2,(5.06±1.21)mmoL/L,1.23 mmoL/L (0.85-1.82 mmol/L),(5.5±1.7) mmol/L,(88±9)cm,159,762,591,591 in the moderate group and 9 868,(52±9) years,(135±21)mmHg,(86±12)mmHg,(25±3)kg/m2,(5.18±1.21)mmoL/L,1.36 mmol/L (0.92-2.19 mmol/L),(5.5±1.5)mmoL/L,(88±9) cm,819,4 900,2 183,2 183 in the heavy group,showing statistically significant differences among groups [x2 =9 989.71,F=869.28,F=254.13,195.97,27.52,112.63,H(x2) =154.09,F=11.92,63.37,x2 =128.17,656.31,23 561.80,656.31,P＜0.05].(2) Incidence of cholelithiasis:all 77 755 participants were observed for (6.8±2.1)years,3 757 were diagnosed as new-onset cholelithiasis,with a cumulative incidence of new-onset cholelithiasis of 4.5％.The cumulative incidences of new-onset cholelithiasis in the never,past,light,moderate and heavy groups were respectively 5.1％,4.9％,3.7％,3.4％ and 3.3％,showing a statistically significant difference among groups (x2=83.14,P＜0.05).The cumulative incidence of new-onset cholelithiasis in the never group was significantly different from that in the past,light,moderate and heavy groups (x2 =18.34,40.58,45.41,48.44,P＜0.05).The cumulative incidence of new-onset cholelithiasis in the past group was significantly different from that in the light,moderate and heavy groups (x2 =18.72,20.47,25.41,P＜0.05).There were statistically significant differences in the cumulative incidence of new-onset cholelithiasis among the light,moderate and heavy groups (x2=8.47,12.41,P＜0.05) and no statistically significant difference between the moderate and heavy groups (x2=0.85,P＞0.05).(3) Risk factors analysis affecting new-onset cholelithiasis:results of COX proportional hazards regression models showed that risks of new-onset cholelithiasis in the light,moderate and heavy groups were reduced compared with never group after adjustment of gender,age,TC,TG,BMI,hypertension,diabetes,smoking and physical exercise (HR=0.88,0.82,0.73,95％CI:0.79-0.98,0.76-0.89,0.64-0.83,P＜0.05).(4) Comparisons of the fitting degree of alcohol consumption on newonset cholelithiasis model:multivariate model was constructed after adding risk factors of gender,age,BMI,TG,TC,hypertension,diabetes mellitus,smoking and physical exercise,and-2Log L and AIC were 76 331.83 and 76 353.83 for the multivariate model.Then drinking variable was added into multivariate model,and the-2Log L and AIC of the multivariate model+drinking model were 76 307.86 and 76 337.86,respectively,with statistically significant differences (x2=23.97,P＜0.05).Conclusion Alcohol consumption is an independent protective factor for new-onset cholelithiasis,and the risk of cholelithiasis is decreased with increasing alcohol intake.

Objective:To explore the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT) on the cognitive function and alcohol craving in patients with alcohol dependence.Methods:From March 2019 to September 2021, a total of 150 patients with alcohol dependence were enrolled and randomly divided into rTMS treatment group (rTMS+ sham CBT, n=41), CBT treatment group (CBT+ sham rTMS, n=34), rTMS+ CBT treatment group( n=36) and control group (sham rTMS+ sham CBT, n=39). At baseline (before treatment), 2nd week, 8th week, 12th week and 24th week, alcohol dependence scale (ADS) was used to evaluate the degree of alcohol dependence, the obsessive compulsive drinking scale (OCDS) was used to assess patients' drinking craving, and Montreal cognitive assessment scale (MoCA) was used to assess the overall cognitive level of patients.SPSS 23.0 statistical software was used to compare the differences of ADS, OCDS and MoCA scale scores of the four groups by repeated measure ANOVA and simple effect analysis. Results:(1)The patients in the four groups were evaluated with ADS scale at baseline, 12th week and 24th week respectively.The interaction of group×time( F=1.279, P=0.279) and the main effect of group were not significant ( F=0.882, P=0.454), and the main effect of time was significant ( F=12.925, P<0.001) .Further simple effect analysis showed that the ADS score of rTMS+ CBT group was lower than that of baseline(14.48±5.70, 10.00±6.51) ( P=0.01) at 24th week.(2)Patients in the four groups were assessed with OCDs scale at baseline, 2nd week, 8th week, 12th week and 24th week, and the interaction of group×time was significant ( F=2.015, P=0.042). Further simple effect analysis showed that the OCDs scores of rTMS group and rTMS+ CBT group at each follow-up time node were lower than those at baseline period (all P<0.05). (3)Patients in the four groups were assessed with MoCA scale at baseline, 8th week, 12th week and 24th week, and the interaction of group×time was not significant ( F=1.660, P=0.106), and the main effect of group and the main effect of time were significant ( F=2.964, P=0.038; F=14.239, P<0.001). Further simple effect analysis showed that the score of MoCA scale in CBT group at the 24th week was higher than that at baseline (21.73±5.81, 24.60±3.98)( P=0.029), the score of MoCA scale in rTMS+ CBT group at the 24th week was higher than that at the 8th week (23.50±6.01, 25.95±2.87) ( P=0.006), and the score of MoCA scale in rTMS group at the 12th week was higher than that in control group (22.08±6.64, 26.64±2.46)( P=0.009). Conclusion:rTMS combined with CBT can be effective in improving alcohol craving and cognitive function in patients with alcohol dependence, and has a good long-term effect.