ObjectiveTo study the diagnosis and treatment of ureteric duplication.Methods21 cases of ureteric duplication treated by open operation from Dec.1988 to Dec.2000 were reviewed,of which 14 cases were unilateral complete ureteric duplication (UCUD),4 unilateral incomplete ureteric duplication (UIUD) and 3 bilateral complete ureteric duplication (BCUD).All the patients have been followed up for more than 6 months.ResultsUpper pole nephroureterectomy was carried out for 10 UCUD patients and ureterovesicostomy for 4.Ureteroureterostomy was conducted for the 4 UIUD.Of the 3 BCUD cases,unilateral upper pole nephroureterectomy was undertaken for 2 and unilateral ureterovesicostomy for 1.In all these 3,upper urinary tract infection symptoms have been alleviated.In the 18 unilateral ureteric duplication,no symptoms of upper urinary symptoms or vesico-ureteral reflux has been noted.The deformed upper renal pole has not been resected in 9 cases,only 1 of which treated by simple ureterovesicostomy underwent kidney pole resection because of pyonephrosis.ConclusionsImaging studies are important for the correct diagnosis.Adequate evaluation is required for the proper assessment of operative stategy and long term follow up is necessary.

Objective To improve the understanding of small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Methods The pathological and clinical data of 6 small cell carcinoma cases (4 men and 6 women, mean age of 51 years) were analyzed.Of them 2 cases had components of transitional cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma.Two cases underwent partial cystectomy,and 4 cases,cystectomy.After operation,5 of them underwent 2～6 courses of chemotherapy. Results All the 6 cases were followed-up for 12～60 months,and they all died of tumor relapse.Their average survival time was 28 months. Conclusions Small cell carcinoma of urinary bladder accounts for 0.44% of the primary malignant tumor of urinary bladder.It has high malignancy and easily metastasizes to lymph nodes,liver and bones,thus the prognosis is bad.Radical cystectomy in combination with systemic chemotherapy has better efficacy.

Objective To investigate the diagnosis and treatment of Hydatidosis of post-peritoneum and bladder.Methods Nine cases were reported. Among them,one was epinephros-hydatid cyst,two renal hydated cyst,two hydatidosis of post-peritoneum in ileopelvic, and four bladder hydrated cyst. All cases had history of contacting with dog or sheep.Results All of the nine cases were cured by operation. Conclusions In percussion of the lower abdominal mass, hydrated cyst vibration, a specific sign, can usually be felt; and the mass do not disappear after urination. Besides, E-immune Test for echinococcus, B-ultrasonography, and CT are very useful diagnostic methods. Therefore, excision of the cyst still is the only effective treatment for hydatidosis.

Objective To improve the finding of prostate cancer (PCa) and prevent the unnecessary biopsies, we select proper patients for biopsy and analyze. Methods The retrospective study included 258 patients who were biopsied for suspected early PCa. Then we analyse how the age, prostate volume, PSA, transrectal ultrasound sonography (TRUS) and MRI affect the finding of prostate cancer. Results Altogether 146 BPH and 112 prostate cancer by biopsy were detected. Positive ratio of biopsy was increased with the age or PSA increases but has no relationship with the prostate volume. Combination with digital rectal examination, PSA and TRUS, the positive ratio was improved and unecessary biopsies were avoided. The detective rate reached 84.6% when all of these three parameters were positive. The sensitivity of MRI was 98.3% but specificity was only 22.4%. The total efficacy was 21.8%. Conclusions The effect of DRE, PSA and TRUS in the screening of prostate cancer should be emphasized. However, importance of MRI is limited for the early detection of PCa.

Objective To evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of finasteride in treating patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) during a 14-year period in a hospital.Methods Forty-one patients with BPH receiving finasteride 5 mg daily for the treatment from December 1994 to Febrary 2009 were included in the study. The base line and the end of study data of nocturia, prostate volume, serum creatine, complete blood count and serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA) were recorded. The acute urinary retention, surgical treatment and drug adverse reaction (prostate cancer or breast cancer) during the observation periods were recorded as well.ResultsAll the 41 cases took finasteride regularly for long-term medical therapy of BPH. At the end of this study, the average age of patients was (87.9±5.4) years old and the average duration of treatment was (141.1±27.1) months. The numbers of nocturia were 1.8±1.5 and 3.2±1.3 pre- and post- treatment, respectively (t= -4.52,P<0. 05). Before and at the end of the study, the prostate volumes were (44.9±26.6) ml and (42.8±31.3) ml, respectively(t=0. 33,P>0.05). Stratified study showed that, compared with the baseline data, the prostate volume was increased by 17.3 ％ in patients with prostate volume <25 ml(t= -0. 88 ,P>0. 05) ; the prostate volume was decreased by 17.2％ in patients with prostate volume of 25-40 ml(t=2.59,P<0.05); the prostate volumes were (63.3±28. 9) ml and (62.6±36.5) ml pre- and post-treatment in patients with prostate volume > 40 ml, and there was no significant change(t= 0.07, P>0. 05). Before and after the treatment, the serum creatine levels were (96.8±18. 6) mol/L and (86.45±32. 3) mol/L, respectively(t= 1.79, P>0. 05) ; the white blood cell counts were (6.4±1.5) × 109 L and (6.0±1.7) ×109 L, respectively (t= 1.13,P>0. 05) ; and the PSA levels were (1.2±2.0) μg/L and (1.4±1.7) μg/L, respectively (t=-0. 49,P>0. 05). Three cases (7.3％) occurred acute urinary retention. There was no prostate cancer and breast cancer case, and no new adverse event occurred during long-time use of finasteride. Conclusions This retrospective study has demonstrated that the clinical progress of BPH can be controlled effectively by long-term administration of finasteride.

Objective　To evaluate the real-life clinical characteristics of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients with moderate and severe enlarged prostate.　Methods　From February 2009 to January 2011,a prospective,non-interventional,multi-center study was conducted on 2 758 BPH patients recruited from 32 hospitals in 10 cities nationwide with the following criteria:prostate volume (PV) larger ≥30 ml and international prostate symptom score (IPSS) ≥ 8. Patient age,PV,IPSS,Qmax medical treatment patterns and physician prescription practice were recorded. The demographic information and clinic characteristics were evaluated as well.　Results　The mean patient age,PV,IPSS score and Qmax of 2 786eligible patients were 69.2 ±8.5 years (50 to 97 years),47.8 ±16.6 ml (30 to 165 ml),17.5 ±5.4 (8to 35 ) and 11.6 ± 3.6 ml/s (2 to 36 ml/s),respectively.Age subgroup analysis pointed that the mean PV and Qmax in 50 -55 years group were 42.8 ml and 13.3 ml/s compared to 49.0 ml and 11.1 ml/s in the group beyond 71 years.Both parameters had statistical significances (P ＜ 0.05 ). For 56.1％ of the patients,it was their first time coming to clinic seeking for medical advice. Of whom,22.8％ patients had taken BPH prescription medication regularly beyond two weeks.Only 31.3％ of the patients had a history of BPH shorter than one year.22.9％ and 18.3％ of the patients had a history of BPH for 1 -2 and 3 -4 years.And 27.5％　of the patients had a history of BPH related symptoms longer than five years. Only 52.6％ patients were treated with α adrenoceptor antagonists + 5-α reductase inhibitor by urologists according to the recommendation in Chinese guideline of BPH.　Conclusions　The symptoms and key parameters of moderate and severe benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients become worse and more with increased age in China.It is quite late for most patients coming to clinic seeking for their first medical advice.Furthermore,there is a huge gap between urologist prescription and the recommendation of the Chinese guideline on BPH.

This study aimed at developing an ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) method for the identification of bovine hide gelatine from the shell glue of the red-eared slider.Tortoise shell glue was made from the shell of red-eared slider or Reeves' turtle (Chinemys reevesii).The samples were analyzed on UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS after being digested by trypsin,and the ions at m/z 604.8,m/z 641.3,m/z 790.8 of the marker peptides of bovine hide gelatin were detected.As a result,it was found that the test results of the ions made from the shell of red-eared slider at m/z 641.3 were positive,taking the same fragmentation regularity of MS/MS as the standard of bovine-hide gelatine,while negative results were detected from the ions made from the shell of Reeves' turtle.In conclusion,the method was simple and accurate provided a basis for distinguishing the tortoise shell glue from bovine hide,which could be also used for the quality control of tortoise shell glue.

Objective To analyze the literature distribution and research status of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in the elderly published in Chinese Medical Association journals.Methods The literatures of elderly BPH published in 88 kinds of Chinese Medical Association journals from 2009 to 2013 were collected.The publication year,distribution,content,author,institution and region of these literatures were analyzed.Results From 2009 to 2013,203 articles about elderly BPH were published in 10 kinds of journals.These literatures were published mostly in 2013 (50 articles,24.6％),secondly in 2010 (46 articles,22.7％) and 2009 (43 articles,21.2％),which were mostly published in Chinese Journal of Geriatrics (87 articles,42.9 ％).Most researches were focused on the fields of clinical treatment of BPH in the elderly,etiology,cross-sectional investigation and perioperative nursing,while the progresses in pathophysiology and diagnosis were relatively small,and the most published form was treatise (166 articles,81.8％).Authors who published the most articles were Yang Yong from Department of Urology Surgery in PLA General Hospital and Zhang Xianghua from Department of Urology Surgery in Peking University First Hospital (both,4 articles,3.5 ％),the institutions which published the most articles were Beijing Hospital and Beijing Chaoyang Hospital (both,9 articles,4.4 ％),and the provinces or cities which published the most articles were Beijing (75 articles,36.9％),Shanghai and Zhejiang (both,17 articles,8.4％) and Hunan (16 articles,7.9％).Among the 203 articles,35 articles (17.2％) were supported by founds.Conclusions Chinese Medical Association journals are the important sonrce to acquire literatures on elderly BPH for medical workers.The distribution of journals is relatively concentrated,but the distribution of author,institution and region in these articles is dispersed.Studies on clinical treatment of elderly BPH,etiology,inventory survey and perioperative nursing are especially concerned within nearly 5 years.

AIM: To assess the effect of estrogen on the gene expression of caveolin-1 in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). METHODS: Wistar rats were ovariectomized and subjected to subcutaneous implantation of placebo pellets (OVX+V group) or estradiol pellets (OVX+E group). 2 weeks after implantation, the expression of caveolin-1 gene in endothelium-denuded aortic tissue was examined by RT-PCR. Furthermore, Northern blotting was used to analyze the mRNA expression of caveolin-1 in cultured rat VSMCs. RESULTS: RT-PCR showed that expression of caveolin-1 gene was significantly higher in OVX+E group than that in OVX+V group. Northern blot analysis showed that the mRNA expression of caveolin-1 was higher in VSMCs pretreated with 17?-estradiol (17?-E 2) than that in VSMCs without 17?-E 2 pretreatment. CONCLUSION: Estrogen up-regulates the gene expression of caveolin-1 in the vascular wall, partially indicating the cardiovascular effect of estrogen. [

This study aimed at identifying pig-hide gelatin from tortoise shell glue using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray-time of flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS).The samples of tortoise shell glue were digested by trypsin before the analysis on UPLC coupled with QTOF mass spectrometry.The ions at m/z 925.4 were selected as the marker peptides of pig-hide gelatin.It was found that the test results of the ions at m/z 925.4 were positive in the samples with low contents of the marker peptides of tortoise shell glue,indicating the existence of pig-hide gelatin.However,the result of bovine-hide gelatinordonkey-hide gelatin was negative,while negative results were detected in tortoiseglue standard.The finding was in conformity with previous references over the fragmentation regularity of MS/MS.In conclusion,the method can be adopted to identifying the pig-hide gelatin from tortoise shell glue and applied to the quality control of tortoise shell glue with high specificity and sensibility.