Autophagy is a ubiquitous physiological process that occurs in all eukaryotic cells.It can be induced by starvation,ischemia/reperfusion injury and heart failure.Rational autophagy in cardiac cells during ischemia/reperfusion helps to keep cellular homeostasis,and inhibit the cell loss.However,inappropriate activation of autophagy leads to cell death.

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1(HIF-1) is a heterodimer of an O2-rugulated ?subunit and a constitutively expressed ?subunit.The article reviews the active expression of HIF-1 and its important role in angiogenesis induced by tissue hypoxia/ischemia.

In the last 10 years,an increasing interest has been devoted to the study of endothelial progenitor cells(EPCs).Alteration and/or reduction of the circulating EPCs have/has been associated with different manifestation of cardiovascular disorders.Thererfore,EPCs have been extensively studied as biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and as a cell-based therapy for repair of damaged blood vessels.In the review,we focus on two methodologies used to identify and enumerate EPCs in the majority of studies up to date.

Noninfectious diarrhea is a kind of digestive disease caused by many factors and the main clinical features are increased frequency of defecation and change of character of stool,most of the patients have intestinal microecological imbalance. Improving the intestinal microecological balance is very important in the treatment of noninfectious diarrhea. Microbial ecological agent(MEA)has definite efficacy for the treatment of noninfectious diarrhea,and gradually becomes the commonly used drug for noninfectious diarrhea in clinical practice. This article reviewed the use of MEA in the treatment of noninfectious diarrhea.

It was show that the 3 medical preparations, viz: Chuanxiong, the mixture of Chuanxiong & Ginseng ( CG Mixture ) , and the mixture of Chuanxiong & Miltiorrhizae could increase the coronary retrograde flow & decrease the resistance to collateral flow. The CG mixture exhibited positive effects on cardiac output, coronary flow blood, & retrograde pressure, but the other 2 medicines showed negative effects.These findings suggest that the CG mixture could improve & regulate the cardiovascular function, open the collateral vessels to reduce the ischemic size, while the other 2 medicines might reduce the cardiac power consumption. It is expected that the CG mixture may be more suitable for treatment of coronary diseases with cardiac insufficiency & hypotension, and the other 2 may be used for that with hypertension.

These groups of Chinese medicines were prepared-Cbuanxiong, a mixture of Chuanxiong & Ginseng, & a mixture of Chuanxiong & Miltorrhiza. The effects of these groups of drug on sischemic areas ( subepicar-dial ) and ( subendocardial) PO2 were compared in anaesthetized open-chest mongrel dogs. The heart tissue P02 was determined simultaneously at a depth of 2-3mm(epicardial) and 8-9mm (endocardial) 晈ith small platinum electrodes by polarography. The 3 combinations of medicine could not only increase the heart tissue PO2 in both areas when ischemia occured, but also increase deep area P02 to a greater extant than superficial area PO2. Lignsticum Chuanxiong and Panax Ginseng were more effective than the other 2 groups.

Aim To detect the effect of a combination of extracts of ginseng and ginkgo biloba(Naoweikang,NWK) on acetylcholine,monoamines and their metabolites in ?-amyloid peptide(A?)_(1-40) treated rats and the potential mechanisms.Methods A 1-month NWK(15.5,31 and 62 mg?kg~(-1),respectively) administration to rats was performed daily after bilateral injection of A?_(1-40)(4 g?L~(-1) for each side) into hippocampus.Acetylcholine(ACh) was determined with an improved HPLC-ECD method,which is combined with two immobilized enzyme reactors.Monoamines and their metabolites were also determined with HPLC-ECD.Result Compared with shams,ACh and serotonin(5-HT) in whole brains in models decreased significantly(P

Objective To establish the normal reference value range of hematological and serum biochemical parameters in Beagle dogs for our own research center and to supply references for establishing the national standard.Methods CV Beagle dogs aged 4～6 months were selected as the investigative objects.Of the Beagle dogs,263 were male with body weight of(8.09?0.78)kg,263 were female with body weight of(6.84?0.87)kg.Blood was collected from cephalic vein at the endgame of the experiment,then both hematological and serum biochemical parameters were measured.The acquired data were analyzed by the "Independent-Samples T Test" process of SPSS V 13.0.Regarded the males and the females as two independent samples,the difference between sexes was also compared.Results The mean normal reference values and the standard deviation of hematological and serum biochemical parameters in both male and female Beagle dogs were obtained by analysis.Conclusions Comparison of sexes showed that there exists obviously difference between male and female Beagle dogs referring to 3 serum biochemical parameters of T-Bil,GLU and ALB.

The rat model of multi-infarct was adopted in this study to elucidate the protective mechanism of Sailuotong capsule (Sailuotong) in recovery period of multiple cerebral infarction. The effects of Sailuotong on levels of Glu, GABA and the expression of NMDA receptor subtypes including NR1, NR2A and NR2B, were detected. The multi-infarct model rats were established by injecting embolizing microsphere via internal carotid artery, and were given Sailuotong treatment (16.5 and 33.0 mg x kg(-1)) for 60 days. The pathological changes in brain ultrastructure were observed by transmission electron microscope. The levels of Glu and GABA in brain tissue were measured with high performance liquid chromatography. The expression of NMDA receptors including NR1, NR2A and NR2B in neurons was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Compared with the sham rats, abnormal changes were observed in ultrastructures of neurons, neuroglia cells and synapses of model rat brains. Moreover, significant decrease of Glu and GABA, as well as the elevated expression of NR1, NR2A and NR2B were detected in brain tissues. Sailuotong (16.5 and 33.0 mg x kg(-1)) could improve ultrastructure of cerebral tissue, facilitate synthesis of Glu and GABA, and down-regulate expression of NR1, NR2A and NR2B in neurons. The results demonstrated that Sailuotong could exert neuroprotective effects to some extent in the recovery phase of multiple cerebral infarction by promoting expression of NMDA receptors and synthesis of Glu and GABA.

This study was aimed to observe the effect ofRong-Shuan (RS) capsule on rodent tolerance against cerebral ischemia, hypoxia and cerebral reserve capacity, which was related to promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis. Acute cerebral ischemia and anoxia models were established by permanent left carotid artery ligation on C57 BL/6 mice and hypoxia inhalation (O2?N2 = 8?92) for 15 min. Duodenal administration of RS capsule at different doses (100, 200 or 400 mg·kg-1) or saline were given 10 min after ischemia onset. The local brain blood circulation changes and neurobehavioral function were evaluated 24 h after ischemia onset. SD rats were given RS capsule at different doses (75, 150, 300 mg·kg-1) or saline. The effect of RS capsule on improvement of microcirculation disturbance induced by high molecular dextran was observed. The results showed that compared with the sham operation group, the brain blood circulation in the model group was significantly decreased; the cerebral infarction area increased; and the behavioral score after cerebral hypoxia was significantly increased (P < 0.05, orP < 0.01). Meanwhile, after the injection of high molecular dextran among rats in the model group, the cerebral leptomeninx microcirculation was obviously slowed down at 3 timepoints, which were 10, 20 and 30 min. Compared with the model group, RS capsule (400 mg·kg-1) can significantly increase the local blood circulation in the brain of mice, improve behavioral disturbance, reduce cerebral ischemia area (P< 0.05, orP < 0.01). RS capsule can also improve blood flow velocity and flow pattern in cerebral leptomeninx microcirculation disturbance induced by high molecular dextran at different timepoints (P < 0.05, orP < 0.01). It was concluded that RS capsule can increase the tolerance against cerebral ischemia, hypoxia and cerebral reserve capacity in order to protect the neural tissues to promote neuronal recovery.