Objective To identify Mallotus panicutus (lam) Muell.Arg and explore the acute toxicity.Methods Pharmacognostic identification and chemical reaction methods were adopted to the identification.The maximum concentration and maximum volume of ethanol extracts of M.panicutus (lam) Muell.Arg were given via intragastric administration in mice to observe the toxic and side effects after 14 days.Results The chemical reaction showed M.panicutus(lam) Muell.Arg concluded the constituents such as flavone and saponin and there was no acute toxicity in mice.After 14 days,the growth rate of mice weight of blank group and drug group were 73.5% and 62.9% (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The results could be taken as the reference for analyzing the quality of this drug and guiding the clinical medication.

BACKGROUND:Discitis is an inflammatory lesion of the intervertebral disc.However,it attracts more attention on autoimmune factors.OBJECTIVE:To construct discitis animal model by destroying the fibrous ring and the cartilage lamina through the surgery,in addition,to explore the changes of autoimmune reaction.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:Randomized controlled animal experiment was performed at the Orthpeadic Laboratory of General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from June to December 2007.MATERIALS:Fifty healthy,adult,New Zealand rabbits,irrespective of gender,were randomly divided into the model(n=30),sham operation(n=10)and control(n=10)groups.METHODS:Thirty rabbits were randomly selected after anesthetized,L3-4,L4-5,L5-6 intervertebral discs were exposed,discitis models were created by destroying the fibrous ring and the cartilage lamina with self-made transfixion pin.Animals in the sham operation group were exposed intervertebral discs without damage.Rabbits in the model and sham operation were executed to get the intervertebral disc specimens at weeks 1,2,4,8,and 12 after operation.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:①Hematoxylin-eosin staining,immunocytochemical comparison and lymphocytic expression.②The positive CD4 cells,CD8 positive T cells,as well as the expression of IgG,IgM were detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence technique.③Bacteriological cultivation.RESULTS:Under light microscope,the internal and external layer fibrous rings could be seen disordered,with inflammatory reaction and fibrosis in the model group.However,there was no same appearance in the sham operation and control group.Immunohistochemistry showed that there was more CD4 positive lymphocyte expressed at weeks 1 and 2 after operation,and the CD8 positive lymphocyte expressed more at 2 and 4 after operation.There was a few lymphocyte expressions in the sham operation group,and no expressed in the control group.Immunofluorescence demonstrated that immune globulin IgG,IgM was positive,a little expression was found in the model group at 1 week,which increased at the 2,4,and 8 weeks after operation.Only a little of IgG expression could be found in the sham operation and control groups.The bacteriological cultivation was negative.CONCLUSION:①Discitis animal model can be established by using the anterior external surgery to destroy the fibrous ring and the cartilage lamina.②After destroying the fibrous ring and the cartilage lamina,the contact between the autoantigen of the nucleus pulposus and blood circulation will provocate autoimmune reaction,which display in both cellular immunity and humoral immunity.③Autoimmune reaction plays a vital role in pathogenesy,pathological change and symptom generating of discitis.

Peripheral nerve injury is very common in clinics. It has brought the patients with high rate of disability and huge economic burden and become one of serious health problems in the world. Nowadays, with the development of nerve tissue engineering, it provides new method for surgical procedures of nerve defects repair.The nerve scaffold plays a vital role in repairing nerve defects. It can provide temporary support for nerve cells to grow,adhere and to form structures. This review aims at introducing classification, properties and the applications of the nerve scaffolds for tissue engineering. Future development of the nerve scaffolds and remaining problems are discussed as well.

Low back pain has a serious impact on people's lives in t he world.With the approaching of aging society in China,the number of low back pain increased rapidly.Though many of the pathological factors in spine might lead to low back pain,Modic changes (MCs) was one of the most important factors.Therefore,to get familiar with MCs in the etiology and pathology has a positive practical significance.Although a large number of studies have analyzed the epidemiological and imaging characteristics of MCs,there are relatively few studies on the histological and pathological fields of MCs.In recent years,researchers have gradually shed some light on etiology of MCs and found that low toxic bacterial infection and autoimmune reaction may play a vital role in the development of MCs.The damage of vertebral body or endplate is closely related to the etiopathogenesis of MCs.In addition,to reveal the pathological characteristic of MCs is also a good attempt for better understanding of MCs.There are various imaging changes in MCs,however,what is the pathological basis behind it.It is also unclear that why different types of MCs are capable of transformation? When MCs occur,the activation of some cytokines (such as IL-6,RANKL,etc.) and certain receptors (TLR,PPARγ,etc.) can interfere with the formation and metabolism of the nearby bone marrow cells,break the balance of formation and absorption in trabecular beam and further change their microstructures through various pathways.During this dynamic balance process,the different types of MCs can be transformed into each other.The specific type may not only depend on the intensity and duration of inflammatory stimulus,but also rely on the composition and metabolic status of the bone marrow.Although the study of animal models has made some progress,some limitations still exist in practical course.Due to the unclear mechanism of MCs,the study on etiology and pathology of MCs may play a great important role in clarifying this issue.

BACKGROUND:The main change of knee osteoarthritis is cartilaginous degeneration and secondary bone hyperplasia. The mechanism of these pathological changes is unclear, but some experiments have proved that the onset of knees osteoarthritis is closely related to inflammatory substances.
OBJECTIVE:To discuss the role of inflammatory substances in the pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis.
METHODS:According to diagnostic criteria set by the American Colege of Rheumatology, we selected 60 knee osteoarthritis patients as experimental group, and another 60 patients undergoing the operative treatment of traumatic amputation or meniscus injury (except knee injury) as control group. After extracting synovial fluid samples from two groups, ELISA assay method was used to detect the levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor α, basic fibroblast growth factor, and osteopontin. The nitric oxide level in the synovial fluid was detected with nitric oxide detection kit. The content of lipid peroxidase was detected using TBA fluorescence method.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:We found higher levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor α, basic fibroblast growth factor, osteopontin, nitric oxide, and lipid peroxidase in knee osteoarthritis patients, and these levels were positively correlated with knee osteoarthritis. These inflammatory substances are realy involved in the inflammation process of knees osteoarthritis.

Objective To investigate the clinical features and pathogenic characteristics of different types of deep sternal wound infection in dif?ferent types after cardiac surgery. Methods A retrospective study was performed. From January 2012 to December 2014,84 patients with sec?ondary DSWI after cardiac surgery underwent the pectoralis major muscle flap transposition in our department were recruited for the study. Re?sults The average age of 84 patients with DSWI was 54.6 ± 14.8 years old,of which typeⅡDSWI patients were the most common(49/84, 58.3%). Both typeⅠand typeⅡDSWI patients showed typical clinical manifestations and early chest X?ray or Computerized tomography(CT) showed mediastinal widening(P<0.01). Some patients with typeⅢDSWI showed only local symptoms of surgery. The organisms most common?ly isolated in patients with DSWI were gram gram?negative bacilli(GNB,54.8%). Although there was no significant difference between the 3 types of DSWI patients(P>0.05),but the pathogenic results of the 3 types of those DSWI patients showed such a trend:typeⅠDSWI patients with GNB is was more common,and typeⅡDSWI patients was more prone to complicated infection. Conclusion Different types of DSWI may dis?play different features,the prevention and treatment of DSWI should be closely combined with the clinical manifestations and local pathogenic char?acteristics.

Objective To observe the preventive and therapeutic effects of Sagittara Sagittifolia L.Xiao-Zhi Pills on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) in rats.Methods Rat NASH models were established and the rats were divided randomly into five groups: the normal group,model group,high-dosage group and low-dosage groups of the treatment,and Dongbao Gantai positive drug group.Histopathological changes of the liver were observed.The levels of MDA,superoxide dismutase(SOD),and NO(nitric oxide) in the liver homogenate were determined.Expressions of cyclooxygenase-2(cox-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) in the liver were determined with immunohistochemical technique.Results In model group,extensive adipose degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration were found in the liver.Compared with those in normal group,SOD activities in model group were obviously decreased(P

Objective To observe the preventive and therapeutic effects of Sagittara Sagittifolia L. Xiao-Zhi Pills on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in rats. Methods Rat NASH models were established and the rats were divided randomly into five groups: the normal group, model group, high-dosage group and low-dosage groups of the treatment, and Dongbao Gantai positive drug group. Histopathological changes of the liver were observed. The levels of MDA, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and NO (nitric oxide) in the liver homogenate were determined. Expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the liver were determined with immunohistochemical technique. Results In model group, extensive adipose degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration were found in the liver. Compared with those in normal group, SOD activities in model group were obviously decreased (P<0.01), the contents of MDA and NO were obviously increased (P<0.01), and the expressions of cox-2 and iNOS proteins were obviously increased (P<0.01). Compared with those in model group, the activities of SOD in treatment groups were obviously increased (P<0.01), the contents of MDA and NO were obviously decreased (P<0.01), and the expressions of COX-2 and iNOS proteins were obviously decreased (P<0.01). The effect of high-dosage group was more obvious than that of Dongbao Gantai group (P<0.05). Conclusion Sagittara Sagittifolia L. Xiao-Zhi Pills can effectively prevent and treat nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats, and its mechanism may be associated with ameliorating hepatocellular steatosis, removing the free radicals and enhancing the anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation capability.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a kind of venous disorder that the abnormal condensation of blood within the vein,leading to complete or incomplete vein obstruction.VTE is mainly a combination of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)and pulmonary embolism (PE) and is an important complication after major orthopedic surgery (total hip arthroplasty,total knee arthroplasty,hip fracture surgery).Foreign literature reported that incidence rate of VTE after arthroplasty was as high as 42％-57％.Conventional notion was that DVT and PE were two different but interrelated types of VTE,while the latest research reported that the formation of DVT and PE after arthroplasty may be two events individually.Prevention of VTE after major orthopedic surgery includes general,pharmacological and mechanical methods.The efficacy of physical combined with pharmacological methods was better than drug prevention alone in preventing distal DVT.Dabigatran,apixaban,rivaroxaban and other new oral anticoagulants were better than low molecular weight heparin and other traditional medicines in effectiveness and safety.The effects of low molecular weight heparin are remarkable,while it cannot take orally.A recent study found that staged VTE prophylaxis,namely patients received low molecular weight heparin injection in hospital,and received aspirin,rivaroxaban or dabigatran orally after discharge is safe and effective in prevention of VTE.

Applying cellular transplant methods in the treatment of peripheral nerve injury has become a new hot spot in tissue engineering and drawn much attention. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) grow fast and can be easily purified in vitro. Besides, they have the capability of differentiating into Schwann cells under specific conditions. For all the reasons above, BMSCs are considered good succedaneum of Schwann cells and new seed cells for tissue engineered peripheral nerve. In this review, the physiological functions and bionomics of Schwann cells and BMSCs are introduced, as well as various methods inducing BMSCs into nerve tissue cells and the foreground of the research.