With the development of science and technology, electronic devices have become an inevitable part of our daily life and work. There has been an increase of interest in the use of various video display terminals(VDT). The ocular surface is the first barrier of the visual system to resist the damage of the external environment. In recent years, the number of patients with dry eye has consistently increased with the excessive use of VDT. Blue light produced by VDT, with wavelengths ranging from 400 to 500 nm, has a high energy in visible light. Therefore, blue light may also be an important risk factor for dry eye. In particular, the outbreak of COVID-19 has left people worldwide suffering from increased blue light, which promotes further research into dry eye caused by blue light emitted from VDT. In this review, we summarize the recent studies on the role of blue light produced by VDT in dry eye to provide reference for future related research.

Objective To develop GTKO (α-1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout, GTKO)/hCD55 (human CD55) gene-edited xenotransplant donor pigs and verify their function. Methods In this study, CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated nuclease 9), PiggyBac transposon technology and somatic cell nuclear transfer technology were used to construct GTKO/hCD55 gene-edited Diannan miniature pigs. The phenotype and function of GTKO/hCD55 pigs were analyzed by Sanger sequencing, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, bisulfite sequencing, antigen-antibody binding assays, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity assays. Results After transfection of PX458 and PiggyBac gene editing vectors into wild-type fetal pig fibroblasts, 48 single-cell colonies were obtained through puromycin drug screening. Two single-cell colonies were selected for somatic cell nuclear transfer, resulting in two fetal pigs at 33 days of gestation. The GGTA1(α-1,3-galactosyltransferase) genotypes of fetal pig F01 were -17 bp and wild type (WT), while the GGTA1 genotypes of fetal pig F02 were -26 bp/+2 bp and -3 bp. The hCD55 mRNA expression levels of both fetal pigs were significantly higher than those of WT pigs (P＜0.01). The fetal pig F02 was selected as the donor cell source for recloning, 11 surviving piglets were obtained, all identified as GTKO/hCD55 gene-edited pigs. These pigs showed absence of α-Gal antigen expression, but weak or no expression of hCD55 was observed. Methylation analysis of the hCD55 gene's CpG island showed hypermethylation in kidney tissue lacking hCD55 expression, whereas it was not methylated or partially methylated in kidney tissue expressing hCD55. Moreover, codon optimization of the CpG island of the hCD55 gene to reduce CG content could achieve stable expression of the hCD55 gene. In addition, antigen-antibody binding experiment showed that the amount of human IgM binding to GTKO/hCD55 gene-edited pig fibroblasts was significantly lower than that of WT pigs (P＜0.01). Complement-dependent cytotoxicity experiment showed that the survival rate of fibroblasts in GTKO/hCD55 pigs was significantly higher than that in WT pigs (P＜0.01). Conclusion This study demonstrates the successful generation of GTKO/hCD55 gene-edited xenotransplant donor pigs. Methylation-induced gene silencing of the hCD55 gene can be effectively avoided by reducing the CG content of the CpG island through codon optimization. This study provides a reference for the development of xenotransplant donor pigs and guides subsequent research on xenotransplantation.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of population-based cohort of patients with the comorbidity of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes in Lingnan area,and to study the related influencing factors in the onset and progression of the disease. Methods A retrospective cohort study was used to collect data from people who underwent physical examination in the Eleventh People's Hospital of Guangzhou from May 2022 to December 2023. Data mainly included questionnaire surveys,physical examinations,and laboratory testing indicators. The 2022 was defined as the baseline to statistically analyze the occurrence and development of the comorbidity of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes in this population,and to analyze the related influencing factors of comorbidity and distribution of traditional Chinese medicine constitution in comorbidity population. Results Finally,a total of 26498 subjects were included,from which there were 359 patients with the comorbidity of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes (comorbidity group),accounting for 1.4％ of the total. Among them,290 were male,accounting for 80.8％,which is much higher than female. The mean age was(61.6±9.5)years old,which was significantly higher than that of the non-comorbidity group. The cases of comorbidity group were mainly concentrated in the age group of 45-75 years old,and no cases were found in people under 35 years old. There were 293 patients with the comorbidity of ischemic cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes,whose proportion (81.6％) is much higher than that of other types. Significant differences between comorbidity group and non-comorbidity group were found in terms of gender,age,age distribution,height,body mass,body mass index (BMI),smoking,alcohol consumption,marital status,exercise,and dampness syndrome (P<0.05). About 1.0％ of population at the baselined converted from non-comorbidities or single disease to comorbidities. The proportion of newly diagnosed patients with the comorbidity of ischemic cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes is the highest,up to 68.9％. BMI overweight or obesity,large waist circumference,smoking,dampness syndrome and exercise were the risk factors affecting the comorbidity of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. A total of 264 cases of comorbidity group had finished evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine body constitutions. The proportion of balanced constitution was the highest (31.1％),followed by dampness-heat constitution (18.2％),yang-deficiency constitution (13.3％) and phlegm-dampness constitution (11.7％). Conclusion The incidence of the comorbidity of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes is high in Lingnan area,which may be related to dampness constitution,BMI overweight or obesity,large waist circumference,smoking,dampness syndrome and lack of exercise.

Objective:To propose a method to measure the femoral anteversion angle based on the three-dimensional model of femur.Methods:From January 2019 to December 2023, a total of 50 patients (100 femurs) with patellar instability who underwent full-length CT examination of both lower limbs in Tianjin Hospital were retrospectively analyzed, including 16 males and 34 females, aged 28.5±11.9 years (range, 16-57 years). All patients underwent CT examination of both lower limbs, and the imaging data were imported into Mimics 21.0 software as DICOM format files. The femur was extracted by the threshold segmentation function, and the 3D model of the femur was reconstructed by appropriate trimming and smoothing. Three-dimensional models of the femur from 30 patients (60 femurs) were selected and imported into 3-matic 13.0 software for labeling of anatomical points and drawing of axes. The angle between the axis of the distal femur and the axis of the proximal femur was the femoral anteversion angle. Two observers positioned the spatial coordinates of the intercondylar fossa apex, the greater trochanter apex, the center of the femoral head, the femoral through-condylar axis and the posterior condylar tangent marker points on a 3D model of the femur to compare the differences between the groups. The femoral anteversion angles measured by different three-dimensional measurement methods were compared with the clinically reported femoral anteversion angles.Results:The difference between the femoral head center and intercondylar fossa apex coordinate data of 30 patients (60 femurs) measured by the two observers was not statistically significant ( P>0.05), whereas the data for the Y-axis coordinate of the greater trochanter apex were 25.77±23.21 and 22.08±25.73, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=2.906, P=0.017). The difference between the data of femoral through condylar and posterior condylar tangential coordinates of 30 patients (60 femurs) measured by the two observers was not statistically significant ( P>0.05). Using the femoral mechanical axis as the projection direction, the angle between the transcondylar axis and the posterior condylar tangent line was 5.97°±2.02° (range, 1.48°-12.08°). The anterior tilt of the femur measured by the two observers in the femoral neck cylinder fitting method was 23.35°±7.45° and 24.94°±9.01°, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=-2.147, P=0.040). The anterior inclination of the femur measured by the two observers in the femoral head ball enlargement method was 24.63°±7.66° and 25.12°±8.84°, the difference was not statistically significant ( t=-0.820, P=0.419). Using the femoral head ball expansion method to locate the proximal femoral axis, two observers measured the anterior tilt angle of the femur in 50 patients (100 femurs) according to the method described above, which was 23.30°±9.41° and 23.57°±9.97°, respectively, without a statistically significant difference ( t=-0.664, P=0.508), both smaller than the 29.56°±8.74° measured based on two-dimensional images in the imaging report, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The femoral anteversion angle measured by the angle between the axis of the femoral condyle and the axis of the femoral neck based on the three-dimensional model is accurate and effective, and the measured value is smaller than that based on the two-dimensional images in clinical practice.

Objective:To explore the optimal index of rotational displacement of femoral neck fractures by modeling the axial rotational displacement of femoral neck fractures after reduction and based on X-ray projections.Methods:Six dry human femur specimens, comprising 2 males and 4 females, were utilized in the study. Design and manufacture a proximal femur ortholateral and oblique X-ray casting jigs and mounts. The femoral neck fracture was modeled on the femoral specimen, with Pauwells 30°, 50°, and 70° models (2 each) made according to Pauwells typing. The fractures were manually repositioned with residual anterior 20°, 40° and 60° axial rotational displacements. Each fracture model was projected at different angles (pedicled 40°, pedicled 20°, vertical 0°, cephalad 20°, and cephalad 40°), and the trabecular angle and Garden's alignment index of the model were measured to observe the imaging characteristics of the fracture line on the medial oblique and lateral oblique radiographs.Results:In the presence of a 20° and 40° anterior rotational displacement following reduction of a femoral neck fracture, the trabecular angle in the rotationally displaced group was not significantly different from that of the anatomically repositioned group in various projection positions. However, when a residual rotational displacement of 60° was present, the trabeculae appeared blurred at most projection angles in the Pauwells 30° and 50° models, failing to measure trabecular angles. In the Pauwells 70° fracture model, the trabecular angle in the rotational displacement group was significantly different from that in the anatomical reduction group. In anteroposterior radiographs, when the anterior rotation displacement was 60° in the Pauwells 70° group, Garden's contralateral index showed an unsatisfactory restoration (150°, 142°), whereas all rotationally displaced models in the Pauwells 30° and Pauwells 50° groups had a Garden's contralateral index of >155°, which achieved an acceptable restoration. In lateral radiographs, all rotational displacement models with Garden's alignment index>180° failed to achieve acceptable repositioning, and the larger the Pauwells angle the greater the Garden's alignment index at the same rotational displacement. In the internal oblique position with a bias towards the foot side, the image showed partial overlap between the femoral head and the shaft, making it difficult to assess the quality of the reduction. Conversely, when projected cephalad, the femoral neck appeared longer, particularly at a projection angle of 40° cephalad, allowing for clear observation of the fracture line and the anatomy of the proximal femur. The trabeculae were not well visualized in the external oblique position.Conclusion:There are limitations in applying the trabecular angle to assess the axial rotational displacement of the femoral head after reduction of femoral neck fractures. The Pauwells 70° with residual rotational anterior displacement of 60° was the only way to detect axial rotational displacement of the femoral head on anteroposterior radiographs Garden's alignment index. For the determination of axial rotational displacement of the femoral head, the Garden's alignment index on lateral radiographs provides higher reliability.

Examining mechanisms involved in the mutual regulation between the muscular system and the skeletal system, elucidating the key issues responsible for loss of muscle and bone mass and strength, and thus halting the progression of these conditions are critical measures for reducing fractures caused by falls and subsequent disability and mortality.At present, most studies have treated the muscular system and the skeletal system separately, often ignoring the mutual regulation and connections between them.This article reviews the current research progress on the mechanisms of interaction between the two systems, aiming to provide a basis for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disuse-related diseases in the elderly population.

BACKGROUND: Previous research demonstrated that a homozygous mutation of g.136372044G>A (S12N) in caspase recruitment domain family member 9 ( CARD9 ) is critical for producing Aspergillus fumigatus -induced ( Af -induced) T helper 2 (T H 2)-mediated responses in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). However, it remains unclear whether the CARD9S12N mutation, especially the heterozygous occurrence, predisposes the host to ABPA. METHODS: A total of 61 ABPA patients and 264 controls (including 156 healthy controls and 108 asthma patients) were recruited for sequencing the CARD9 locus to clarify whether patients with this heterozygous single-nucleotide polymorphisms are predisposed to the development of ABPA. A series of in vivo and in vitro experiments, such as quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and RNA isolation and quantification, were used to illuminate the involved mechanism of the disease. RESULTS: The presence of the p.S12N mutation was associated with a significant risk of ABPA in ABPA patients when compared with healthy controls and asthma patients, regardless of Aspergillus sensitivity. Relative to healthy controls without relevant allergies, the mutation of p.S12N was associated with a significant risk of ABPA (OR: 2.69 and 4.17 for GA and AA genotypes, P = 0.003 and 0.029, respectively). Compared with patients with asthma, ABPA patients had a significantly higher heterozygous mutation (GA genotype), indicating that p.S12N might be a significant ABPA-susceptibility locus ( aspergillus sensitized asthma: OR: 3.02, P = 0.009; aspergillus unsensitized asthma: OR: 2.94, P = 0.005). The mutant allele was preferentially expressed in ABPA patients with heterozygous CARD9S12N , which contributes to its functional alterations to facilitate Af -induced T H 2-mediated ABPA development. In terms of mechanism, Card9 wild-type ( Card9WT ) expression levels decreased significantly due to Af -induced decay of its messenger RNA compared to the heterozygous Card9S12N . In addition, ABPA patients with heterozygous CARD9S12N had increased Af -induced interleukin-5 production. CONCLUSION Our study provides the genetic evidence showing that the heterozygous mutation of CARD9S12N , followed by allele expression imbalance of CARD9S12N , facilitates the development of ABPA.
Humans ; Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary/complications* ; Aspergillus fumigatus/genetics* ; Asthma/genetics* ; Aspergillus ; Mutation/genetics* ; CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins/genetics*

Objective To analyze the influence from material and size of the filling block on stress distributions of the tibial osteotomy model. Methods The filling blocks with three different materials (iliac bone, cancellous bone and polyetheretherketone (PEEK)) and five different sizes were established and implanted to the tibial osteotomy models, respectively. The mechanical loads were applied on the model, the stress distribution and edge displacement of the model were analyzed. Results For three kinds of materials, the stress at proximal end of the tibia and the plate, as well as edge displacement in the model implanted with filling block by iliac bone material were lower than those of the cancellous bone and PEEK, but the filling block by iliac bone material had the highest stress. When the filling blocks with different sizes were implanted in osteotomy space, the stress distribution on each part of the tibial osteotomy and edge displacement were different. Especially when the width of the filling block was reduced from 30 mm to 10 mm, the peak stress of the proximal tibia, steel plate and filling block was increased by 49. 3% , 92. 7% and 54. 4% on average. Conclusions Different filling block parameters will affect the stress distribution in different parts of the tibial osteotomy. The research results provide the theoretical basis for parameter selection of the tibial osteotomy filling block in clinic.

Objective To compare the differences in kinematic parameters and plantar pressures for two types of knee varus with tibial and femoral origins in gait analysis, so as to provide biomechanical theoretical basis for different types of genu varus. Methods Twenty-six patients with unilateral knee osteoarthritis (KOA) varus genu were enrolled, with 13 from femoral and 13 from tibial sources. Using Noraxon MyoMotion three-dimensional (3D) motion capture system and Footscan plantar pressure test system, the gait of the subjects during natural walking was measured, the temporal and spatial parameters of the gait, the kinematics parameters of lower limb joints and plantar pressures were collected, to make comparative analysis between the two groups. Results The range of knee flexion and extension of tibial varus, the peak of hip abduction, the range of motion (ROM) of hip adduction and abduction and the peak of ankle pronation were larger than those of femoral lateral genu varus. The peak of knee flexion and hip adduction was smaller than that of femoral lateral genu varus. Compared with femoral varus, subjects with tibial varus had increased stress time and peak pressure on the plantar of the 4th and 5th metatarsals (P<0.05). In the 3rd metatarsal region, the impulse of healthy femoral limb was greater than that of healthy limb with tibial deformity. While in the medial calcaneal region, the impulse of healthy femoral limb was smaller (P<0.05). Conclusions There are some differences in kinematic parameters and plantar pressures between two different types of unilateral genu varus patients. The results of this study are helpful to understand the abnormal gait caused by genu varus, and provide reliable reference for postoperative rehabilitation and limb exercise for different types of genu varus.

The sources of common knee valgus deformities were classified in order to better plan the orthopedic methods, matching prostheses and soft tissue repair of knee valgus deformities.Based on the analysis of typical clinical cases and the operability of classification standards in practical clinical practice, it is of great significance to establish a reasonable morphological classification of knee valgus deformity, in order to grasp the characteristics and patterns of the onset of valgus deformity. According to the origin of the deformity and the tension of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, the classification of the genu valgus deformity can be divided into the classification of the traditional Genu valgum deformity origin and the classification of the new Genu valgum deformity origin. Although both of them highlight the skeletal characteristics and soft tissue conditions of the valgus deformity, they are quite different. Traditional classification is based on femoral tibial angle, valgus angle, etc; The new classification is divided into mechanical angle, anatomical angle, distal condylar angle, etc. The origin of Genu valgum deformity is generally complex. The traditional classification cannot fully reflect the origin of valgus deformity and the tension state of soft tissue. The new classification, especially based on the classification of anatomical angle valgus deformity, can not only reflect the morphological and anatomical details of knee valgus deformity, but also reflect the tension state of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments and local soft tissue stress state that determine the stability of the knee joint. At present, the commonly used surgical methods for valgus deformity of the knee include periarticular osteotomy of the knee and total knee Joint replacement. The former focuses on correcting extraarticular deformity without over repairing ligaments, and the latter focuses on force line correction, which is the final treatment for terminal valgus deformity. The application of digital technology in clinical orthopedics can improve the accuracy of implant placement. Implant placement needs to be based on the patient's bone characteristics and degree of deformity. For patients with severe deformity, the application of digital technology can improve the accuracy of implant placement and assist in the treatment of knee valgus deformity.