Objective:This article collected, organized, and summarized the medical literatures of cupping therapy from three major Chinese databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chongqing VIP (VIP), and WanFang, with cupping, moving cupping, flash cupping, pricking cupping, or medicinal cupping as the retrieve title or key words, and the retrieve range was from 1953 to July 15, 2015. This article was to give an overall review of cupping therapy from the clinical application and mechanism research based on its application form, indications, and mechanism research progress. The results showed that there are various types of cupping methods; its indications cover multiple subjects such as internal medicine, external medicine, gynecology and pediatrics; and its major action mechanisms include negative pressure suction, increasing pain threshold, promoting dermal blood flow and improving body immunity.

The concept of golden mean (Zhong Yong), i.e. moderation, is the highest principle of moral cultivation in Confucianism. It entails an exclusive methodology in addressing politics, philosophy and everything in the universe. This concept has permeated into all aspects of traditional Chinese culture. As an ancient therapy, tuina is an important part of Chinese medicine and has its characteristic theory and methods. Just like Chinese medicine, tuina has long been greatly influenced by the concept of golden mean. To better promote the development of tuina, it’s necessary to investigate the historical evolution of tuina and the concept of golden mean as well as the influence of ‘golden mean’ idea on tuina manipulation, mechanism and treatment.

Objective To investigate the effect of continuous positive airway pressure therapy (CPAP) on heart rhythm and blood pressure variability in primary hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).Methods Ninety seven patients with OSAHS and primary hypertension were randomly divided into treatment group (n =49) and control group (n =48).Patients in control group receive antihypertensive medication only,while patients in treatment group received antihypertensive medication in combination with CPAP therapy for 4 weeks.The dynamic electrocardiogram (ESG) and ambulatory blood pressure for 24 h were measured before and after treatment in both groups.Results After CPAP treatment,the night index of standard deviation of the average NN intervals (SDANNniGHt) in treatment group was (89.0 ± 21.4) ms,while the day and night index of square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals (rMSSDday and rMSSDnight) was (35.9 ± 17.2) ms and (45.7 ± 18.3) ms respectively.Compared with those before treatment,the index of SDANNnight was decreased and the indexes of rMSSDday and rMSSDnight were increased (P ＜ 0.01).Compared with control group,the SDANNnight was decreased,and the rMSSDday and rMSSDnight were increased (P ＜ 0.01,P ＜ 0.05).After CPAP treatment,the night index of low-frequency power (LFnight) in treatment group was (15.3 ± 5.7) ms,which was lower than that before treatment,and the night index of high-frequency power (HFnigh) was (16.3-± 8.1)ms,which was higher than that before treatment (P ＜ 0.01);the LFnight in treatment group was decreased and the HFnight was increased (P ＜ 0.01).After CPAP treatment,the day and night indexes of systolic blood pressure (SBPday and SBPnight) and the night indexes of diastolic blood pressure (DBPnigh) t in treatment group were (136.1 ± 13.4) mmHg,(128.7 ± 9.8) mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa),and(83.7 ±7.2)mmHg respectivley,which were all lower than those in control group (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).The incidences of morning peak blood pressure and non-dipper hypertension in control group were significantly higher than those in treatment group (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion CPAP therapy can effectively adjust the heart rate and blood pressure levels in patients with OSAHS and primary hypertension,especially in the night.

Objective To investigate the characteristics and value of nasal area-distance curves.Methods Based on data from CT images, nasal cavity cross-sectional areas in 60 volunteers were reconstructed. The size of each nasal airway and the distance from nostril to the corresponding cross-sectional area were measured. Area-distance curves were then established according to data obtained. t test was used to analysis the data. Results Three types of curves were found and categorized according to their shapes.Type Ⅰ consisted of 56 sides (46.7%) ,type Ⅱ 40 sides(33.3%), and type Ⅲ 24 sides (20. 0% ). Forcurves of nasal valve area, smooth type was seen in 86 sides (71.7%), and concave type in 34 sides(28.3%). Curves in area of inferior turbinate head were seen with shallow notch(48 sides,40.0%) ,deep notch (54 sides,45.0%), and no notch( 18 sides,15.0% ). Curves in area of middle turbinate head wereseen with shallow notch (31 sides, 25.8%), deep notch (38 sides, 31.7%), and no notch ( 51 sides,42. 5% ). Nasal minimal cross-sectional area was located at nasal valve area in76 sides (63.3%), head of inferior turbinate in 26 sides ( 21.7% ), region anterior to nasal valve in 15 sides ( 12. 5% ), head ofmiddle turbinate in 1 side, and region anterior to choana in 2 sides. The cross-sectional area at nasal valve in men and women were (197.9 ±41.2) and (151.2 ±35.5) mm2, respectively. The cross-sectional area at choana in men and women were (361.8±97.9) and (296.3 ± 81.8) mm2, respectively. There wassignificant difference between men and women at both sites (t = 4.707 and 0. 007, P ＜ 0.01). The distance from nostril to nasal valve in men and women were (14. 0 ± 2.4) and ( 11.8 ± 2. 9) mm, which presented significant difference, too (t = 3. 232,P ＜ 0. 01). Conclusions CT nasal area-distance curve varied with individual, CT may provide information for evaluating nasal passage on individual basis

Aim To establish a method to quantitatively determine cardiolipin content and investigate effects of age and ischemia on cardiolipin in isolated rat hearts.Methods Male SD rats, 4 months old,12 months old and 24 months old were used throughout the experiment. Each had 24 ones,which were randomly distributed to control,ischemia 30 min and ischemia 40 min groups(n=8). Control group hearts were perfused for a total of 70 min and ischemia groups hearts were perfused for a 20 min equilibration period,and then underwent 30 or 40 min of no-flow ischemia followed by reperfusion for a 20 min period, respectively.Cardiolipin was quantitatively determined by high-performance liquid chromatography following extraction of lipids from subsarcolemmal mitochondria(SSM)and interfibrillar mitochondria(IFM).Results Under the condition of HPLC,the retention time of cardiolipin was 13.092 min. The standard curve was Y^ (?V?s) =20 877 455X(mmol?L-1)-352 028(r=0.9993) with a validated quantitation range of 0.2～3.2 mmol?L-1,and the lowest concentration of detection was 0.005 mmol?L-1 (S/N=3). At the concentration of 0.2,0.8,3.2 mmol?L-1,absolute recovery rates ranged from 0.8505 to 0.9519 and relative recovery rates ranged from 0.9898 to 1.0429. The RSD of the precision within-day and between-day was less than 0.11. Cardiolipin content in SSM of nonischemic group of 24 months old rats was lower than that of both 4 months old and 12 months old, but no differences among them were observed in IFM.In all age rats, compared with control group,cardiolipin contents of SSM from ischemia 30 min and ischemia 40 min groups were lower, and effects of ischemia 40 min are not pronounced; there were no differences in CL contents of IFM among three groups.Conclusions The assay method was shown to be sensitive, suitable and accurate for determination of cardiolipin located in mitochondria from perfused hearts of rats. Myocardial ischemia and older age decreased cardiolipin content in SSM, and had no remarkable effects on cardiolipin in IFM.

Objective To observe the occurrence of cardiovascular adverse events in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation with dexmedetomidine sedation,and to evaluate its safety in intensive care unit (ICU).Methods A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted.Adult critical patients undergoing mechanical ventilation over 48 hours admitted to ICU of Zigong First People's Hospital in Sichuan Province were enrolled.The patients were divided into dexmedetomidine group (Dex group) and midazolam group (Mid group) according to the randomise number generated by computer.The patients in both groups were given slow intravenous infusion of 0.05 mg/kg midazolam and 1-2 μg/kg fentanyl to induce anesthesia before tracheal intubation,followed by 0.06 mg· kg-1· h-1 midazolam and 20-50 μg· kg-1 · h-1 fentanyl or 0.1-0.2 μg· kg-1 · h-1 sufentanil for continuous intravenous pumping to maintain analgesia and sedation;on the next day,the patients in Dex group was given dexmedetomidine (with the initial dose of 0.4 μg· kg-1 · h-1,and maintenance dose of 0.1-0.7 μg· kg-1 · h-1),and midazolam was stopped half an hour later;the original sedation and analgesia plan remained unchanged in Mid group.The goal of sedation was to maintain a Richmond agitation-sedation scale (RASS) score of-2 to 1 or a Ramsay sedation score of 3 to 4;patients were given midazolam if obvious agitation occurred,in combination with propofol for sedation if necessary;wakeup test was performed every day.Observation endpoints included patients discharged from ICU,death or mechanical ventilation over 28 days.Occurrence of cardiovascular adverse events during sedation such as hypertension,hypotension,bradycardia,tachycardia and arrhythmia,dose of sedatives and analgesics,duration of mechanical ventilation,length of ICU stay and 28-day mortality were observed in two groups.Results A total of 383 patients were enrolled,with 190 patients in Dex group and 193 in Mid group.There was no statistically significant difference in general data such as gender,age,acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score and predicted mortality between two groups.Doses of midazolam,propofol and fentanyl in Dex group were reduced as compared with those of Mid group,while the dose of sufentanil was similar in two groups.The Ramsay score and RASS score of Dex group were significantly reduced as compared with those of Mid group (3.34± 0.63 vs.3.95 ± 0.86,-1.33 ±0.87 vs.-1.98 ± 1.27,both P ＜ 0.01).Bradycardia was prominent in Dex group,which was observed in more than half of patients at the beginning of the treatment (1-2 hours),but the patients requiring isoprenaline treatment for heart rate lower than 50 bpm were less than that of Mid group (3.7％ vs.5.2％,x 2 =0.506,P =0.477).The incidences of hypotension (45.3％ vs.68.4％),tachycardia (16.3％ vs.33.7％) and arrhythmia (14.7％ vs.31.1％) in Dex group were significantly lower than those of Mid group (all P ＜ 0.01),and no other cardiovascular adverse events such as cardiac arrest,sinus arrest,hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia were observed in two groups.There was no statistically significant difference in duration of mechanical ventilation between Dex group and Mid group [days:5 (2,28) vs.4 (2,56),Z =-1.917,P =0.055],but compared with Mid group,the length of ICU stay in Dex group was significantly prolonged [days:9 (2,67) vs.6 (2,57),Z =-4.302,P =0.000],and the 28-day mortality in Dex group was significantly reduced (22.6％ vs.44.6％,x2 =20.610,P =0.000).Conclusion Long time dexmedetomidine sedation is safe in critical patients undergoing mechanical ventilation,which can significantly reduce cardiovascular adverse events except bradycardia,and lower the 28-day mortality.

BACKGROUND: CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) is a type of highly effective immune adjuvant with low toxicity, which has an extensive application in gene therapy for many diseases. However, the specificity for species and cells leading to low uptake by cells and degradation by nuclease blocks its clinical application. OBJECTIVE: To explore the specific delivery and its immunologic efficacy of CpG ODN targeting B lymphocytes of umbilical cord blood by CD40 ligand-receptor-mediated carrier system. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: An observation and control experiment was performed at the Department of Hematology, and Department of Pediatric, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University from April 2004 to October 2007. MATERIALS: Fresh umbilical cord blood with heparin was obtained from healthy, natal infant. Informed consent was obtained from his parents, and the experiment was approved by the hospital Ethics Committee. METHODS: CD40 ligand (CD40L)-EDC-PLL-CpG ODN conjugated complex was prepared. Mononuclear cells (MNCs) from umbilical cord blood were co-cultured with conjugated complexes. Uptake rate, mean fluorescence intensity of FAM marked CpG ODN, expressions of MNCs, proliferations of lymphocytes and the IgG levels of culture supematants were detected by flow cytometry, fluorescence techniques, MTT assay and ELISA, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The uptake rate, the mean fluorescence intensity of CpG ODN by MNCs, subgroups and proliferations of lymphocytes, and IgG levels of culture supematants. RESULTS: Compared to the pure CpG ODN group, the uptake rate of the conjugated complexes group was higher (98%), the peak level of up-taking occurred earlier, and intracellular fluorescence intensity maintained much more stable. Expressions of CD19+, CD22+, and CD20+ was increased, A value and IgG levels in supematants were all higher than that of the control group. CONCLUSION: CD40 tigand-receptor-mediated carrier system is helpful for CpG ODN delivery targeting to B lymphocyte, enhancing its immunological efficiency.

98%), the peak level of uptake occurred earlier, intracellular fluorescence intensity maintained much more stable. Expressions of CD19+, CD22+, CD20+ increased significantly. A_~570 values of MNCs proliferation and IgG levels in supernatant were all higher. CONCLUSION: CD40 ligand-PLL carrier system may delivery CpG ODN targeting to B lymphocytes, enhancing its immunological efficiency.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of TLR4,PI3K and NF-κB on the migration of asthmatic airway smooth muscle cell(ASMCs) induced by airway epithelial cells.MethodsPrimary ASMCs were cultured by the method of cell digestion.Cell culture supernatant of RTE cells were collected by TNF-α stimulation of epithelial cells.Detected the IL-8 and RANTES levels in the supernatant.The effect of TLR4/PI3K-related signaling molecules on the migration of asthmatic ASMCs induced by epithelial cells were detected by Modified Boyden chemotaxis chamber with anti-TLR4 antibody,Wortmannin and PDTC drugs as a tool.ResultsThe levels of IL-8 and RANTES in the supernatant of TNF-αgroups were significantly increased,and that in the 20 ng/ml group was significantly higher than other groups ( P＜0.01 ).Compared with control group,the transmembrane migration of asthmatic ASMCs from other groups was significantly increased (P＜0.01 ).The transmembrane migration of asthmatic ASMCs from treated groups was significantly increased than asthma group (P＜0.01).The migration of asthmatic ASMCs from TNF-α+anti-TLR4 antibody group,TNF-α+Wortmannin group and TNF-α+Wortmannin+PDTC were significantly decreased than that of TNF-αgroup( P＜0.01 ).The migration of asthmatic ASMCs from TNF-α+Wortmannin+PDTC were significantly decreased than that of TNF-α+Wortmannin group (P＜0.05).ConclusionTLR4/PI3K-related signaling molecules involved in the transmembrane migration of asthmatic ASMCs induced by airway epithelial cells and may be one of the mechanisms of airway remodeling of asthma.

Objective To explore the relationship between high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and renal function among people aged 90 years and over in longevity regions in China.Methods Totally 506 subjects aged 90 years and over in 5 longevity areas from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) 2008-2009 were included in the study.Demographic,behavioral and lifestyle parameters and self-reported chronic diseases were collected by general health-related questionnaire.We conducted the physical examination and also measured serum hsCRP and other indicators of renal function.Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between hsCRP and renal function.Results The prevalence of elevated hsCRP was 36.6％ in people aged 90 years and over,43.0％ in male and 34.8％ in female.No significant gender difference was observed among them (x2 =2.4184,P=0.1199).The prevalence of elevated hsCRP were 34.4％ in 90-99 years group and 39.2％ in the centenarian group,and there was no significant difference between the two groups (x2 =1.2425,P =0.2650).We found significant statistical difference in prevalence of elevated hsCRP between declined renal function group (42.0％) and normal group (33.3％) (t=3.8450,P=0.0499).The level of serum creatinine were (89.5±37.4) μmol/L in elevated hsCRP group and (81.5±31.4) μmol/L in the normal hsCRP group among the people aged 90 years and over.Significant difference was found between the elevated and normal hsCRP group (x23.8450,P=0.0161).In the multivariate logistic regression analysis,the risk factors of renal function decline were female,smoking,hypertension,hyperuricemia and elevated hsCRPCOR=1.676 (95％CI:1.091-2.573)].Conclusions Elevated hsCRP increases the risk of renal function decline among people aged 90 years and over in China.