Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1) is the first identified member of ABCC subfamily which belongs to ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily.It is ubiquitously expressed in almost all human tissues and transports a wide spectrum of substrates including drugs,heavy metal anions,toxicants,and conjugates of glutathione,glucuronide and sulfate.With the advance of sequence technology,many MRP1/ABCC1 polymorphisms have been identified.Accumulating evidences show that some polymorphisms are significantly associated with drug resistance and disease susceptibility.In vitro reconstitution studies have also unveiled the mechanism for some polymorphisms.In this review,we present recent advances in understanding the role and mechanism of MRP1/ABCC1 polymorphisms in drug resistance,toxicity,disease susceptibility and severity,prognosis prediction,and methods to select and predict functional polymorphisms.

Objective To observe continuous venous-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) for treatments and cares of severe acute pancreatitis(SAP). Methods From August 2004 to August 2006, 15 cases with SAP were in conventional treatment (the control group), from September 2006 to August 2010, 20 cases with SAP were nursed with CVVH(the observation group). We surveyed patients' vital signs (including body temperature, heart rate, breathing and blood pressure),mental symptoms, abdominal signs and monitored liver and kidney functions. Additionally we executed APACHE Ⅱ scores. We analyzed them retrospectively. Results The afore - mentioned indexes of two groups were significant in statistics, the observation group had lower incidence of MODS、MOF than the control group after 10 days caring. Conclusions The CVVH could correct systemic inflammatory reaction of SAP and prevent complications. Standard technical operation and intensive nursing can ensure smooth process of CVVH and decrease complications caused by CVVH.

Objective:The therapeutical effects of salpingocatheterism and the states of tubal function were studied after different middle ear operations and within different middle ear pathological changes.Method:Total 71 patients with tubal occlusion, 18 of myringoplasty, 20 of reconstruction of ossicolar chain followed tympanoplasty, 14 of combined approach tympanoplasty, 10 of radical mastoidectomy followed tympanoplasty, 9 of re-radical mastoidectomy followed tympanoplasty were implemented salpingocatheterism. The patients were followed up for evaluation of the postoperative therapeutical effects and the state of tubal function. Result:The causes of operation failure in different middle ear operations or different middle ear pathological changes had no significantly difference. The major cause for postoperative tympanic membrane perforation and tubal occlusion was the pathogenic damage being not cleared up thoroughly and/or there being nasal cavity or pharyngeal cavity pathogenic changes accompanied.Conclusion:Salpingocatheterism is effective for preventing eustachian tube postoperative adhesion.

Objective To investigate the radiation and radioprotection in bedside digital radiography. Methods 650 cases undergoing X-ray examination in sugical wards are involved. Results The patients' X-ray radiation dose is 3.12~7.68 mGR. Conclusion To avoid unnecessary radiation, radioprotection should be emphasized when improving images' quality.

Objective To observe the effects of propylene glycol mannate sulfate(PGMS) on the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in kidney of diabetic rats, and explore the protective effect of PGMS on kidney. Methods Diabetes was induced by injecting STZ. Then the rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal control group, diabetic modal group, treatment group with high-dose and low-dose of PGMS. 8 weeks later, the blood glucose concentrations, HbA1c, the ratio of kidney weight to body weight, urinary albumin excretion rate (UAE ) in 24 hours were examined. The ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 located were detected by immunohistochemistry, while the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were detected by Western blot method and the levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA by RT-PCR.Results PGMS could reduce kidney hypertrophy and lower urinary albumin excretion rate (UAE)of 24-hour significantly. Immunohistochemical study with light microscopy demonstrated that the levels, both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in the kidney of test groups decreased obviously. PGMS down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 significantly . A positive correlation between expression of ICAM-1,VCAM-1 and kidney lesion was observed. Conclusion: PGMS decreased the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in diabetic rats.

Objective:To investigate the effects of growth hormone combined with triptoreline acetate on growth and sex hormone in girls with central precocious puberty.Methods:Sixty-two girls with central precocious puberty who received treatment in Xin'an International Hospital from January 2017 to December 2019 were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to receive treatment with either triptorelin acetate (control group, n = 31) or triptorelin acetate plus growth hormone (observation group, n = 31) for 12 successive months. Before and after treatment, bone age difference/chronological age difference (△BA/△CA), body height, body weight, uterine and ovarian volume and sex hormone level were compared between the control and observation groups. Results:△BA/△CA in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group [(0.64 ± 0.17) vs. (0.95 ± 0.13), t = 8.065, P < 0.05). Body height and weight in the observation group were (127.32 ± 1.08) cm and (33.42 ± 2.37) kg, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the control group [(126.34 ± 0.87) cm and (31.01 ± 2.15) kg, t = 3.934 and 4.193, both P < 0.05]. Uterine and ovarian volume in the observation group were (1.68 ± 0.29) cm 3 and (1.26 ± 0.18) cm 3, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group [(2.41 ± 0.46) cm 3 and (1.83 ± 0.26) cm 3, t = 7.474 and 10.036, both P < 0.05). After treatment, there were no significant differences in serum estradiol and luteinizing hormone levels between the two groups (both P > 0.05). Conclusion:Growth hormone combined with triptoreline acetate has a good effect on central precocious puberty in girls because it can improve the growth and development of girls and reduce serum levels of estradiol and luteinizing hormone.

Objective To study the usefulness of oral contrast-enhanced helical CT cholangiography in the diagnosis and treatment for bile duct diseases.Methods 18 cases of suspected bile duct diseases were studied. The dose of iopanoic acid was 6.0 gram (n=5), 3.0 gram (n=10) and 1.0 gram (n=3). CT scan was performed 12~14 h after administration. Reformatted 2D and 3D MIP images were got from axial source images. The opacified degree of bile duct was described as no opacification, light opacification, well opacification or overopacification . The findings of CT chonlangiography were compared with pathological and/or clinical results . Results (1) The dose ofiopanoic acid could effect the opacified degree of bile duct. It should be more than 6.0 gram to investigate intrahepatic bile duct, and 3.0gram should be enough to investigate extrahepatic bile duct; (2) Intra- and extrahepatic bile duct anatomy could be display clearly,especially the extrahepatic duct. Function of bile duct system, relations between lesion and bile duct, and the obstructed degree of bile duct could be revealed too. Sensitivity was 80% in diagnosis of negative gallstone and gallpolypus . Sensitivity was 88.9% and specificity was 100% in diagnosis of negative gall-stone in general bile duct ; (3) 2D and 3D MIP reconstructions displayed the spatiality of bile duct better.Conclusion Oral contrast-enhanced helical CT cholangiography is feasible and noninvasive. It is a well method in revealling the bile duct anatomy and diagnosing the bile duct lesions, and is useful for bile duct operations.

OBJECTIVE To compare the clinical characteristics between eosinophilic and noneosinophilic CRSwNP and identify the predictors of eosinophilic CRSwNP. The impact of comorbidity (allergic rhinitis-AR, bronchial asthma-BA) on the predictors was also studied. METHODS Histologic characteristics of surgical samples were analyzed in 182 CRSwNP patients, who were classified into eosinophilic CRSwNP (ECRSwNP) group and noneosinophilic CRSwNP (non-ECRSwNP) group. Factors associated with ECRSwNP were selected by correlation analyses. The optimal cutoff points of the predictors were determined by a receiver operating characteristic curve. Based upon the different comorbidity, four groups were divided to study the impact of comorbidity on the optimal cutoff points of the predictors. RESULTS Patients with ECRSwNP had significant higher rate of revision FESS, significant higher concurrent rate of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma than non-ECRSwNP patients (all P<0.05). There were significant differences in Ratio of Lund-Mackay scores, peripheral blood eosinophil percentage and serum total IgE between ECRSwNP group and non-ECRSwNP group except the peripheral blood neutrophilic percentage (U value were 1028.00, 1143.50, 800.00 respectively, all P<0.05). Peripheral blood eosinophilic percentage had the highest significant correlation with degree of infiltration of eosinophils in nasal polyps (r =0.538, 0.568, both P<0.05) and there also existed significant correlation between degree of infiltration of eosinophils in nasal polyps and Lun-Mackay score (r =0.419, P<0.05). Comorbidity of AR and BA could impact the peripheral blood eosinophil percentage. According to the different combination of comorbidity, the range of the optimal cutoff points of peripheral blood eosinophil percentage was 3.05%-4.8%. CONCLUSION ECRSwNP and non-ECRSwNP displayed significant differences in certain clinical features. Comorbidity of AR and BA could increase the peripheral blood eosinophil percentage, that may impact the diagnosis of the subtype of ECRSwNP.

Objective To analyze and investigate the diagnosis method and treatment measures of insulinoma.Methods The clinical data in 16 cases of insulinoma in the hepatobiliary surgery of our institute from Dec.2008 to Dec.2015 were retrospectively analyzed.Results All cases had typical Whipple′s triad,the biochemical examination suggested that all cases had plasma glucose decrease and plasma insulin increase during the onset period.The imaging examinations included preoperative ultrasonography,enhanced CT,MRI,EUS and intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS).Their diagnosis positive rates were 56.3% (9/16),77.8% (7/9),80.0% (8/10),100.0%(2/2) and 100.0%(5/5) respectively.Sixteen cases all received surgical treatment,including local tumor excision in 6 cases,simple distal pancreatectomy in 3 cases,distal pancreatectomy plus splenectomy in 5 cases and pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD) in 2 cases.Plasma glucose level in all cases was significantly increased after tumor removal.Postoperative follow-up lasted for 1-5 years without recurrence and metastasis.Conclusion The first choice of insulinoma localization diagnosis is CT and MRI,intraoperative palpation combined with IOUS is the main method of intraoperative localization,and the surgical resection is the only effective method for treating this disease.

Objective To investigate the spatial learning and memory ability,the changes of indicators of oxidative stress,and their relationship in transgenic APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease(APP/PS1 mice). Methods The spatial learning and memory ability were assessed by Morris water maze test,and the activity or content of SOD, GSH-PX, MDA, and protein carbonyl in brain tissues were measured by ELISA in the APP/PS1 and wild type (WT) mice. Furthermore, the relationship between the learning and memory performances and the indicators of oxidative stress was examined. Results No significant difference in the spatial learning was observed between the APP/PS1 and WT mice (P ＜0. 05). The spatial memory which was measured as the percentage of time traveling in the targeted quadrant to the total traveling time was significantlydeclined in the APP/PS1 mice(29. 02 ± 4. 27) % as compared with the WT mice(47. 39 ± 6. 01) %(t =0. 000 ,P ＜0. 05). The percentage of length of traveling in the targeted quadrant to the total length traveled was significantly lower in the APP/PS1 mice(28. 85 ±3.77)% compared with the WT mice(46. 70 ±5.60)% (t =0. 000,P ＜0. 05). These findings indicated that the spatial learning and memory ability of APP/PS1 mice was significantly decreased compared to WT mice. There was no significant difference in activity or content of SOD,GSH-PX,and MDA in brain tissues between the APP/PS1 and WT mice (P ＜ 0. 05), while the content of protein carbonyl was significantly elevated in the APP/PS1 mice (2. 67 ±0. 19) than in the WT mice (2. 38 ±0. 15)(t = 0. 008, P ＜ 0. 05). Correlation analysis revealed that the elevated protein carbonyl was negatively correlated with the percentage of length traveled in the targeted quadrant(r = - 0. 639, P ＜ 0. 05) and the percentage of time traveled in the targeted quadrant(r = - 0. 636 ,P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusion The spatial memory impairment was negatively correlated with the elevated protein carbonyl in the APP/PS1 mice, suggesting that protein carbonylation caused by oxidative stress might play an important role in the development of memory impairment in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease.