Objective:To investigate the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the hippocampal lipidome in a rat model of chronic unpredictable stress(CUS).Methods:Twenty-four SD rats were randomly assigned to the following 3 groups ( n=8 for each group): sham group, CUS group and CUS+ rTMS group. The sham group received only sham stimulation and rats in the CUS and CUS+ rTMS group were subjected to CUS stimulation. Then, rats received 5 Hz rTMS (5 Hz, 1.26 Tesla) or sham rTMS for 7 days. After the last stimulation, all rats underwent sucrose preference test, open filed test and forced swimming test so as to observe the effect of rTMS on depressive behavior. Then, rats were sacrificed, and the levels of lipid composition in hippocampus were determined by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and analyzed by lipid search software version 4.1 and SIMCA-P 14.1.The software of SPSS 19.0 was used for statistical analysis. Univariate analysis of variance was used for comparison among groups, and Tukey test was used for multiple comparison. Results:(1)There were significant differences in open field test, sugar preference test and forced swimming test among the three groups( F=6.853-7.466, all P<0.05). In the open field experiment, the exploring time and percentage of movement distance in central area of rats in CUS group((50.72±6.38)s, (11.41±1.55)%) was significantly less than that of sham group ((86.06±7.31)s, (18.60±1.21)%) and CUS+ rTMS group((79.87±7.87)s, (16.74±1.27)%)(all P<0.05). The results of sucrose preference test showed that the percentage of sucrose intake of rats in CUS group ((37.63±6.06)%) was significantly lower than that in sham group ((68.30±6.39)%) and CUS+ rTMS group ((62.68±5.50)%)(both P<0.05) . In forced swimming test, the immobility time of rats in CUS group ((137.60±13.36)s) was significantly longer than that of sham group ((80.57±10.36)s)) and CUS+ rTMS group ((86.14±11.49)s) (both P<0.05). (2)The levels of lipid composition in hippocampus were significantly different in the three groups( F=3.826-15.440, all P<0.05). The contents of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) ((20 850±956.56)×10 7, (24 133.33±1 242.04)×10 7), phosphatidylinositol (PI) ((788.78±136.11)×10 7, (953.65±131.26)×10 7), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) ((340.29±35.66)×10 7, (275.32±35.78)×10 7), creatine phosphate (CerP) ((239.65±18.14)×10 7, (293.82±38.28)×10 7), sphingosine (So) ((22.96±4.04)×10 7, (15.36±3.87)×10 7), diglyceride (DG) ((3.35±0.85)×10 7, (4.57±1.02)×10 7) and monoglyceride (MG) ((6.71±0.82)×10 7, (7.94±0.91)×10 7)in hippocampus of rats in CUS group were significantly higher than those of sham group(all P<0.05), while the phosphatidic acid(PA) ((424.52±33.38)×10 7, (509.22±42.09)×10 7) and acyl carnitine(AcCa) ((2.68±0.33)×10 7, (3.39±0.33)×10 7) decreased(both P<0.05). Compared with CUS group, the contents of PE(21 816.67±928.26)×10 7, PI(83.16±91.52)×10 7, LPC(323.59±33.91)×10 7, CerP(236.39±32.02)×10 7, So(23.35±4.46)×10 7, DG(3.16±0.85)×10 7 and MG(7.03±0.26)×10 7 in the hippocampus of CuS+ rTMS group decreased, while the contents of PA(421.55±44.28)×10 7 and ACCA(2.56±0.32)×10 7 in the hippocampus of CUS+ rTMS group increased (all P<0.05). Conclusion:The levels of glycerophospholipids, glyceroglycerides, sphingolipids, fatty acids and other lipids in the hippocampus of CUS model rats are abnormal. And the 5 Hz rTMS intervention can ameliorate the depression like behavior and the disturbances of lipid in hippocampus of CUS model rats.

Objective To investigate the protective role of Sestrin2 overexpression in hypoxia and re-oxygenation injury (H/R) injury of hippocampal neurons and its mechanism in rats.Methods Neurons were enzymatically isolated from hippocampi of newborn Sprague-Dawley rats (less than 24 h old) and culturedinvitro. These neurons were randomly assigned into 4 groups (n=20) using a random number table: control group, H/R group, vector group and Sestrin2 overexpression group. The hippocampal neurons were seeded in 6-well plates at a density of 2×104 cells/mL; neurons in the latter two groups were transfected with lentiviruses containing empty vector andSestrin2overexpressed genes, respectively; the hippocampal neurons in the later three groups were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) for 6 h followed by restoration of O2 supply for 20 h. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) content was detected by Reactive Species Assay Kit, and the ATP concentration was detected by ATP Assay Kit. Cell apoptosis rates were measured by flow cytometry. The levels of Sestrin2, dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), Fis1, and apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2, Bax and cytochrome C (Cyt C) were measured by Western blotting. The ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax was calculated. The ultrastructure of mitochondria was observed by transmission electron microscopy.Results As compared with control group, H/R group had significantly lower ATP concentration, Bcl-2 protein expression and ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax ([11.15±0.42] nmol/mg proteinvs. [5.30±0.39] nmol/mg protein; 2.20±0.26vs. 0.91±0.02; 6.46± 0.41vs. 1.04±0.05), statistically higher average fluorescence intensity of ROS and cell apoptosis rate (152.41±17.38vs. 1530.00±14.69; 3.77％±0.74％vs. 56.57％±1.35％), and significantly higher protein levels of Sestrin2, Drp1, Fis1, Bax and Cyt C (0.66±0.06vs. 1.11±0.20; 0.48±0.03vs. 1.16±0.07; 1.14± 0.09vs. 2.47±0.09; 0.34±0.03vs. 0.88±0.04; 0.17±0.03vs. 0.30±0.03,P<0.05); what's more, the structure of mitochondria was obviously destroyed in I/R group. As compared with H/R group, Sestrin2 overexpression group had significantly increased ATP concentration, Sestrin2 and Bcl-2 protein expressions and ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax ([8.95±0.27] nmol/mg protein; 2.67±0.07; 1.80±0.19; 3.95±0.28), significantly lower average fluorescence intensity of ROS and cell apoptosis rate (337.27±15.32; 10.33％±2.60％), and statistically lower protein levels of Drp1, Fis1, Bax and Cyt C (0.43±0.02; 1.11±0.08; 0.45± 0.02; 0.17±0.02,P<0.05); the structure of mitochondria was relatively completed in Sestrin2 overexpression group.Conclusion Sestrin2 overexpression can inhibit mitochondrial fission, reduce accumulation of reactive oxygen species, improve mitochondrial energy metabolism and block mitochondria mediated apoptosis pathway, thereby alleviating I/R injury of rat hippocampal neurons.

Esophageal leiomyoma is the most common benign tumor of the esophagus,usually asymptomatic.With the development and widespread application of endoscopic ultrasonography technology,its detection rate has been increasing year by year.Its diagnostic methods have evolved from initial esophagography and chest electronic computed tomography,to endoscopic ultrasonography,endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration,and endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle biopsy.The technology is constantly updated,and the diagnostic accuracy is constantly improving.The treatment methods have also shifted from previous open chest surgery to thoracoscopic surgery,and in recent years,there has been a shift towards ultra minimally invasive techniques such as endoscopic mucosal resection,endoscopic submucosal dissection,endoscopic submucosal excavation,endoscopic full-thickness resection,and submucosal tunnel endoscopic resection.This article provides a review of the diagnosis and endoscopic treatment progress of esophageal leiomyoma.

Background:At present,the detection rate of esophageal leiomyoma is increasing year by year,among which giant esophageal leiomyoma(GEL)can be caused by secondary compression,malignant and even death.The safety and effectiveness of submucosal tunnel endoscopic resection(STER)in the treatment of GEL need to be further verified.Aims:To assess the safety and efficacy of STER in the treatment of GEL.Methods:Fifteen patients who underwent endoscopic ultrasound and STER surgery from June 2020 to June 2023 at General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region,and postoperative pathological biopsy confirmed GEL to assess the efficacy,complications,tumor recurrence and follow-up.Results:In 15 patients with GEL,8 were male and 7 female;GEL was completely resected and the margin was clean;the maximum tumor diameter was 8.5 cm;mean operation time of 52 minutes;fewer adverse events and no delayed bleeding;all underwent conservative treatment;mean hospital stay of 6 days;and no discomfort and recurrence in the postoperative follow-up.Conclusions:STER is safe and effective in the treatment of GEL.