Most nosocomial bloodstream infections among pediatric patients are related to the usage of an intravascular device.This article reviewed catheter related bloodstream infections from aspects of epidemiology,pathogenesis,diagnosis,prevention and care based on guidelines and new research both in abroad and at home.

Sepsis is thought to be systemic inflammatory response syndrome that is activated by invasive infection and characterized by the involvement of inflammation,infection,immunological reaction,coagulation and tissue damage.The imbalance between the pro-and anti-inflammatory response mediated by immunologic disorder plays an important part in the progress of sepsis.Therefore,the immunological mechanisms and changes of Toll-like receptors,neutrophils,dendritic cells and regulatory T cells in sepsis are briefly focused on in the article.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of paeoniflorin and ferulic acid in Naoxuesh-uan pill. METHODS:HPLC was performed on the column of Waters SunfireTM C18 with mobile phase of acetonitrile-water-glacial acetic acid(17:82:1,V/V/V)at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min,detection wavelength was 230 nm,column temperature was 35 ℃,and the volume injection was 20 μl. RESULTS:The linear range was 0.024-0.240 mg/ml for paeoniflorin(r=0.999 9)and 0.009 4-0.141 0 mg/ml(r=0.999 9);RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were lower than 2%;recoveries were 95.00-97.90%(RSD=0.59%,n=6) and 95.29-98.24%(RSD=0.54%,n=6),respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple and repro-ducible,and can be used for the quality control of Naoxueshuan pill.

Objective To investigate the effects of ventilation strategy of permissive hypercapnia on the expression of inflammatory mediators in the patients received laparoscopic radical gastrectomy. Methods Thirty-six patients received laparoscopic radical gastrectomy were randomly divided into two groups: control group and experiment group. The patients in control group received conventional ventilation strategy [partial pressure of carbon dioxide in endexpiratory gas (P<,ErCO2) 34.5-45.0 mm Hg (1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa),pH7.35-7.45], and patients in experiment group received ventilation strategy of permissive hypercapnia(PErCO2 49.5-60.0 mm Hg,pH7.20). Blood samples were collected respectively from the peripheral vein before anesthesia induction (T0), 1 h (T1), 3 h (T2) after operation and when operation finished (T3) for the assessment of interleukin(IL)-8, IL-6,tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α. Results The levels of IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α at T2, T3 were higher in control group [(96.732±3.173) μg/L and (107.767±3.654) μg/L, (0.273±0.009 ) ng/L and (0.287±0.008) ng/L,(1.443±0.086)μg/L and (1.614±0.107) μg/L] than those in experiment group [(91.771±4.332) μ g/L and (97.682±4.998) μg/L, (0.231±0.008 ) ng/L and (0.241±0.006) ng/L,(1.268±0.066) μg/Land (1.428±0.058) μg/L](P<0.05 or <0.01), mean arterial pressure, partial pressure of oxygen in artery and heart rate were relative stabilization. Conclusions Ventilation strategy of permissive hypercapnia can reduce the released amount of inflammatory mediators and may be advantageous for the patients received laparoscopic radical gastrectomy.

Objective To evaluate the effect of high volume hemofiltration (HVHF) treatment on inflammatory cytokine clearance and hemodynamics in children with sepsis.Methods Thirty-four cases of septic children were randomly divided into two groups:the control group(17 cases) was administrated with the routine therapy,while the observation group(17 cases) was underwent with HVHF treatment on the basis of routine therapy.The inflammatory cytokines and hemodynamics were analyzed before and after the treatment.Results (1) Before treatment,the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the control group and observation group were (103.6 ±26.1) ng/L and (106.6 ±31.6) ng/L,and the levels of interleukin(IL)-6 were (772.8 ± 92.4) ng/L and (761.3 ± 89.2) ng/L,respectively.The concentration of TNF-α and IL-6 were markedly reduced in both two groups after treatment (P ＜ 0.05),with TNF-α and IL-6 reducing to (85.6±23.7) ng/L,(63.6 ±26.4) ng/L and(109.7 ±38.5) ng/L,(78.1 ±24.7) ng/L,respectively.Most importantly,the reduction in the observation group were significantly higher than that in the control group(P ＜ 0.05).(2) Before treatment,no significant differences between the observation group and the control group were observed in hemodynamics,including mean arterial pressure,saturation oxygen,and heart rate(P ＞ 0.05),whereas after the treatment,mean arterial pressure and saturation oxygen in the observation group were significantly elevated compared with those of the control group [(100.4 ± 12.1) mmHg vs.(82.2±11.7) mmHg(l mmHg=0.133kPa),(94.2±5.3)％ vs.(91.4±3.2)％,P＜0.05],andheart rate in the observation group[(85.1 ± 17.3) times/min] was significantly lower than that of the control group [(98.7 ± 18.5) times/min] (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion HVHF treatment on septic children efficiently promotes the clearance of inflammatory cytokines and improves hemodynamic property,and thereby leads to protection of organ function and the better prognosis for septic children.

The study is designed to investigate if human interleukin 18 (hIL-18) cDNA expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells could enhance the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells from the PBMC of the MFC-bearing patient and how to enhance it.Methods: A constructed eukaryotic expression vector for human IL-18 ,pcDNA3.1(-)/hIL-18, was used to transfect the NPC cell strain-SUNE cells. Then, the transfected SUNE cells were mix-cultured with CD8+ T cells which were separated from the PBMC of the patient with NPC, the cytotoxicity was measured by lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) releasing method, the expression for Perforin, Fas-L and Granzyme B were detected with the mix-cultures. Results: The eukaryotic expression vector could highly express hIL-18 in transfected SUNE cells and only traces of the protein exist in non-transfected SUNE cells. The concentration of hIL-18 in supernatant of the transfected SUNE cells was (85 ? 10) pg/ml, but less than 5 pg/ml of hIL-18 contained in supernatant of the non-transfected SUNE cells.The expression of hIL-18 in SUNE cells could enhance the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells from the NPC patient significantly( P

Objective: To study the effectiveness of anti-tumorgenecity of human IL-10 antisense and viral IL-10 antisense on nasopharyn-geal carcinoma(NPC) cells.Methods:Human IL-10 cDNA and viral IL-10 gene had been amplifed and cloned. A two-valent eukaryotic expression vector for antisense nucleic acids of human IL-10 cDNA and viral IL-10 gene had been constructed and designated as pcDNA3/AS hIL-10 + AS vIL-10.The recombinant vector was transfected into a NPC-clerived cell strain-SUNE cells. After that, the transfected and nontransfected SUNE cells were inoculated i.d. in the right flank of SCID mice and hu-PBL-SCID mice to evaluate their tumorgenecity changes.Results:The results of ELISA analysis showed that the concentration of hIL-10 and vIL-10 was 242 ?3 pg'ml-1 in supernatant of the nontransfected SUNE cells, and onry 22 ? pg ?ml-1 of hIL-10 and vIL-10 contained in supernatant of the transfected SUNE cells. After inoculation to SCID mice, the transfected and nontransfected SUNE cell showed the same growth manner. But inoculating to hu-PBL-SCID mice, the transfected SUNE cells grew slowerly than the nontransfected SUNE cell. With statistical analysis, the size and mean weight of the tumors from the hu-PBL-SCID mice inoculated with transfected SUNE cells were significantly lower in contrast to that from the hu-PBL-SCID mice inoculated with nontransfected SUNE cells( P

Objective To study and compare the clinical and MR imaging characteristics of common intracranial ring enhanced lesions.Methods MR imaging studies of 65 intracranial ring enhanced lesions were reviewed retrospectively. The lesions included 17 glioblastomas, 17 metastasises, 12 brain abscesses, 8 acoustic neurinomas, 7 craniopharyngiomas, 3 neurocysticercosises, 1 malignant lymphoma. All cases were confirmed by surgery and pathology. Results The ring enhancement of tumors presented heterogenous thickness of thick walls and irregular forms. Among them, the highly malignant tumors appeared very obviously heterogeneous thickness of the walls, especially the inner walls were uneven and coarse. While the ring enhancement of the non-tumor lesions usually were of homogeneous thickness of the walls, regular shapes and smooth inner walls. Conclusion The different patterns of intracranial ring enhanced lesions on MR can supply important diagnostic information. Combining the patients' history, age, location and the information of magnetic resonance imaging, we may make correct diagnosis.

Objective To indentify the effect of hemodialysis(HD) and continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) on serum hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in the patients with acute renal failure (ARF). Methods Of 28 patients with ARF, 19 received HD and 9 underwent CVVH. HGF concentrations in patients serum and ultrafiltrate were measured by ELISA. Results Compared with the controls, serum HGF concentration increased significantly in ARF patients (P

0.05).However,body mass index and hemoglobin level were significantly higher in the slow coronary flow group compared with the control group(26.9?3.2 kg/m2 vs.24.9?2.9 kg/m2,P