Most medical postgraduates desire to develop their research mentality and experiment skills and become capable medical students with potentialities and innovation consciousness.Medical postgraduates can be classified into academic, general, and clinical types based on their needs, education background, experiences and personal abilities, while their supervisors fall into high-, medium-, and low-expectation types according to their research abilities and demands.Cross-pairing analysis shows that a high-level cooperation can be achieved when the type of a postgraduate matches that of his supervisor, otherwise a low-level cooperation may result.Therefore, it is essential to optimize the two-way choice system between postgraduates and supervisors, establish a moral code for supervisors and academic standards for postgraduates, and further enhance their interaction.A new relationship should be formed between medical postgraduates and supervisors, which is postgraduate-centered, emphatic on conversation, discussion, equality, and mutual trust and respect, and capable of promoting the harmonious development of academic activities.

As one of the most catastrophic complications, prosthetic joint infection remains one of the most stubborn medical problems.However, the biomarkers and laboratory tests commonly used often exhibit either a low sensitivity or a low specificity, which makes it still difficult to diagnose.Therefore, we summarize a number of recent new developments home and abroad, and overview from the aspects of serological markers, synovial fluid markers, radionuclide imaging methods, preoperative periprosthetic tissue biopsy, in-traoperative periprosthetic tissue culture, histological analysis of periprosthetic tissue and new molecular technology.

It has been a novel clinical way to repair damaged articular cartilage with autologous chondrocytes cultured in vitro using cartilage tissue engineering technique. There have been many articles about the techniques of chondrocytes culture in recent years. After summarizing and analyzing the involved articles,factors on chondrocytes cultured in vitro were reviewed,including dimension,stress,cell density and oxygen tension,etc. Chondrocytes cultured in three-dimensional with multi-factors in vitro can promote quality and quantity of cartilage in tissue engineering. But factors on chondrocytes culture are so complicated that further researches will be needed.

Various kinds of scaffold materials are studied and used in cartilage tissue engineering, but none are ideal for the needs of tissue engineering. Mixing different materials together to form a better composite scaffold may brighten the prospect. The present review summarizes the studies of composite materials in cartilage tissue engineering.

Joint prosthesis is one of the most successful procedures in orthopaedic surgery and has considerably improved the quality of life for patients affected by terminal joint disease. However,a number of joint prosthesis ultimately failed because of aseptic loosening. There have been major advances in the understanding of aseptic loosening. The RANKL-RANK-OPG-NF-?B system has been shown to play a fundamental role in aseptic loosening. We review how the RANKL-RANK-OPG-NF-?B system regulates aseptic loosening and aseptic loosening drug intervention.

Adipose-derived stem cells(ADSC) can be easily obtained in large quantities and with minimal discomfort.As seed-cells,ADSCs may be well suited to tissue engineering and regenerative medical applications.This article presents an overview of the isolation,expansion,characterization,differentiation and application prospects of ADSCs,as well as the existing challenges in their studies,in an attempt to promote their clinical applications.

The hallmark of osteoarthnitis(OA) is the loss of articular cartilage caused by an imbalance between cartilage synthesis and degredation over a variable period of time.IL-1 plays an important role in the course.The IL-1receptor antagonist(IL-Ra) specific against IL-1 is becoming a pivot of wide attention.The article offers a review of the relationship between the IL-1Ra and OA.

Tissue engineering has been a newly developed discipline which represents the new direction of biological medicine engineering.With evergrowing researches on the reparation of bone defect by tissue engineering,great success has been achieved in this field.The three important elements of bone tissue engineering are seed cells,cytokines and cellular biological scaffolds.Bioceramic is an important part of bioactive frame applied widely in tissue engineering.This paper presents a review of the application of bioceramic in the reparation of bone defect,which aims at promoting a systematic knowledge of the application of bioceramic in tissue engineering.

The bone morphogenetic protein(BMP),as a member of the transforming growth factor beta(TGF-?) family,plays a pivotal role in the formation,induction,maintenance and repair of the bone.The expression level of BMPs has a direct influence on the differentiation of mesenchymal osteoprogenitors and the regulation of osteoblastic features.Among BMPs,BMP-2 is the most widely studied and has the strongest activity in inducing bone formation.This article reviews the current advances in researches on BMP-2 for bone repair.

Melanoma inhibitory activity protein(MIA),also referred to as cartilage-derived retinoic acid-sensitive protein(CD-RAP),is expressed not only in malignant melanoma,but also in chondrocytes.MIA/CD-RAP act as a biological marker for the evaluation of the status of cartilage in the study of cartilage destruction.This article reviews the biochemistry,construction,physiological function of MIA/CD-RAP in cartilage destruction and the research progress in these aspects.