IgG4 related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic disease which was named and accepted in recent years.IgG4-RD is a multiorgan-involved disease, mainly including pancrease, parotid gland, bile duct, liver, etc.The study on the relationship between IgG4 and orbital disease is relatively few.In recent years, our study group aimed directly to the relationship between IgG4 and common orbital disease, including benign lymphoepithelial lesion of lacrimal gland,idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor, orbital lymphoma, etc.We found that IgG4 was associated with the pathogenesis and progression of these diseases.This article addressed systematically the pathogenesis of IgG4 related orbital disease and evaluated the values of IgG4 in diagnosis,differential diagnosis,treatment and montoring of these orbital diseases based on related literature and reseaching results from our study group,in order to deepen the recognition of IgG4 related orbital diseases in ophthalmologists.

Objective To report the clinical features and effects of internal fixation with anatomical plate in combination with bone graft in treatment of complicated comminuted fractures of distal femur. Methods There were 11 case of type C2 and 9 cases of type C3 fractures of distal femur according to the AO classification. When they were treated with anatomical plate, bone grafting from ilium or fibula or from both was done to repair their bone defects depending on specific defects of the patients. Results All the patients were followed up for a mean of 20 months (ranging from 10 to 24 months). Bone healed in all the cases. By Schatzker standards, the result was excellent in 14 patients, good in 5 and fair in 1. The excellent and good rate was 95%. Conclusion The authors consider that anatomical plate in combination with bone graft is an ideal treatment for complicated comminuted fractures of distal femur.

Objective To study the role of polyamines(putrescine,spermidine and spermine) in regulating ornithine decarboxylase(ODC) protein levels in the early regenerating liver of rats. Methods Exogenous polyamines(dissolved in 0.9% NaCl) were administered subcutaneously to adult male SD rats(180～220g).The ODC protein levels in the regenerating liver induced by partial hepatectomy(PH) were measured by Western blotting analysis. Results The treatment with high doses of putrescine( 20 mg/kg body weight),spermidine(0.15 mg/kg body weight) or spermine(6 mg/kg body weight) reduced the ODC protein level compared with the control group within 12 hours after PH.However,the treatment with low doses of putrescine(0.02 mg/kg),spermidine(0.03 mg/kg) or spermine(0.06 mg/kg) resulted in a rapid increase in the protein level in the 4th hour after PH,which was 15.1%,29.5% or 30.3% higher than that of control rats respectively.Conclusion Polyamines with certain doses play a role in the feedback regulation of ODC protein levels in the early regenerating liver,where spermidine and spermine play a greater role than putrescine dose.

Lots of blinding diseases are caused by retinal ganglion cells apoptosis, but there is no the effective and ideal therapy in clinic currently. Recent study showed that stem cells can be an alternative renewable source of retinal ganglion cells, and they may be potential to repair the visual function. These results provide a new model of optic nerve regeneration for the treatment of these blinding diseases. But, some problems in clinical applications are waiting for further solving. Applications of stem cells in optic nerve regeneration is reviewed in this paper.

The arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) in thymic nurse cells (TNCs) of mice were stained by the method of immunogold and indfrect immunofluorescence, PAP immunocytochemical technique. TNCs of mice were shown immunocytochemical reactivity with antfserum of AVP and OT. The posttive areas were much denser near the cells membrane and around TNC-lymphocytes (TNC-Ls). It was implicated that TNCs might serve as neuroendocrine cells and might play a role in TNC-Ls differentiation via secreting AVP and OT.

Objective To observe the effect of febuxostat on IL-1β, TNF-αand COX-2 in gout patients.Methods 82 patients with gout in our hospital from August 2015 to August 2016 were divided into the groups of 40 mg/day of febuxostat and 80 mg/day of febuxostat randomly, 41 cases respectively.Select the same period in our hospital health examination of 41 cases.The levels of serum uric acid were measured before and after one week, two weeks and four weeks after treatment.Serum levels of IL-1β, TNF-αand IL-1βin serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) COX-2 levels.Results The levels of serum uric acid in the group of 40 mg/day vs 80 mg/day of febuxostat were (570.4 ±70.5) μmol/L and (572.8 ±71.2) μmol/L, significantly higher than the normal group (296.5 ±9.7) μmol/L (P<0.05), serum uric acid level decreased gradually with the time of administration, and the serum uric acid levels of the two dosages of fosobutamol at one,two,four weeks were significantly lower than before treatment (P<0.05), but not to below the normal level.The IL-1βof 40 mg/day and 80 mg/day of febuxostat was (40.5 ±6.8) pg/mL and (41.7 ±7.2) pg/mL, COX-2 were (15.5 ±1.7) pg/mL and (15.8 ±1.8) pg/mL respectively, significantly higher than the normal group (8.8 ± 1.7) pg/mL (P<0.05), The expression of IL-1βwas significantly decreased at the second week of IL-1βdecreasing as the time of IL-1βdecreased gradually (P<0.05); TNF-αin 40 mg/day group and 80 mg/day group was significantly lower than that before treatrment (P<0.05), but not to below the normal level.Conclusion Febuxostat can significantly reduce serum uric acid levels in patients with gout, and may reduce IL-1β, TNF-αand COX-2 and other cytokine levels.

Objective To study the expression of endothelin 1 (ET 1) mRNA in keratinocytes in patients with vitiligo. Methods Fourteen patients with progressive vitiligo were measured by hybridization in situ. Results Our results showed that the expression of ET 1 mRNA was markedly decreased. Conclusion The results revealed that decreased ET 1 expression may be associated with the pathogenesis of vitiligo. The cause and role of decreasing of ET 1 expression of keratinocyte in vitiligo lesion need to be studied further.

Objective To observe the characteristics of indocyanine green angiography and fundus fluorescein angiography (ICGA& FFA) in anterior ischemic optic neuropathy ( AION ) , and to investigate the etiology of AION and the value of ICGA and FFA in the diagnosis and study of AION. Methods Simultaneous ICGA and FFA were performed on 32 eyes of 31 AION patients and 38 eyes of 38 non AION patients. Results The eyes that all or a part of the optic disc lies in the watershed zones of the choroidal blood supply were significantly more in the AION group than those in the non AION group (P

Objective To investigate the preoperative design and application of the minimum foveolar translocation distance and angle of macular translocation. Methods The fundus fluorescein and indocyanine green angiographies were performed on 53 eyes of 53 patients with classic subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (SCNV), including 42 with exudative age-related macular degeneration and 11 with high myopic macular degeneration. The actual area of macular SCNV and the minimum foveolar translocation distance and angle were analyzed. Results The actual area of SCNV was 0.39~18.00 mm 2 with the mean of (3.08?3.22) mm 2. The designed minimum superior translocation distance was 67~2 240 ?m with the mean of (845.72?425.23) ?m;the minimum designed minimum inferior translocation distance was 53~ 2 430 ?m with the mean of (912.17?547.77) ?m. The minimum designed superior translocation angle was 1~32? with the mean of (13.23?6.68)?;the minimum designed inferior translocation angle was 1~35? with the mean of (14.06?8.46)?. The individual difference of the minimum designed superior and inferior translocation distance was more than 500 ?m in 16 eyes (30.19%), and the difference of translocation angle was more than 10? in 11(20.75%). Conclusion Preoperative design of minimum translocation distance and angle of macular translocation may be helpful to choose the operation program.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and complements play key roles in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).Pegaptanib,the first therapeutic aptamer against VEGF165,has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of US for the treatment of exudative AMD.Another two aptamers El0030 and ARC1905,each target PDGF-B and complement C5 respectively,are undergoing clinical trials.Recent trends to treat AMD are combined therapies targeting multiple key molecules in the pathogenesis of AMD;aptamers against multiple targets may become the preferred drug for AMD.