Type 1 diabetes includes two categories:autoimmune (type 1A) and idiopathic (type 1B)diabetes.Fulminant type 1 diabetes is a recently discovered subtype of type 1 diabetes with extremely rapid progression of hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis.The prevalence of fulminant type 1 diabetes among acute-onset type 1 diabetic patients is around 15%-20%.Class Ⅱ HLA genotype and virus infection may contribute to its development.The near-normal HbA_(1C) level despite a very high plasma glucose concentration in patients with ketoacidosis is the clue to diagnosis of fulminant type 1 diabetes.Treatment must be started immediately and aggressively when the diagnosis of fulminant type 1 diabetes is made or strongly suspected.

Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are two classical hormones modulating calcium and phosphorus homeostasis.The rapid development of modern endocrinology has greatly expanded our understanding of these two hormones.The extra-skeleton effects of vitamin D/PTH are well documented,novel findings regarding to the embryonic and adult parathyroid development,and the changing clinical patterns in certain parathyroid-related disorders have been discovered.

[Summary] The concept for the pathogenesis of diabetes is now changing from previousinsulinocentric model andinsulin/glucagon bihormonal model to a recentglucagonocentric model.Glucagon excess rather than insulin deficiency may play a more important role in mediating the glucose derangement during insulin insufficiency.Antagonizing glucagon signaling pathway may become a potential therapeutic modality in diabetes.

β cell failure is one of the important components in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.Protecting and reversing β cell function is a critical part in diabetes treatments.It has been recently discovered that rather than apoptosis,β cell dedifferentiation into an endocrine progenitor-like stage is the main mechanism of β cell failure,which is closely related with the loss of FoxO1 on β cells.Some of these dedifferentiated β cells even have the potency to convert into α-cells.These great discoveries expand our understanding for the β cell exhaustion during the progression of hyperglycemia.It is worthwhile to reconsider our current treatment strategy for type 2 diabetes,especially during the beginning period,to protect rather than stimulate β cells.It also paves the way to develop a brand-new class of hypoglycemic agent to re-differentiate the already dedifferentiated β cells back into insulinsecreting cells.

Non-operative treatment in 105 cases of acute traumatic intracranial hematomas confirmed by CT scan is reported. Results were satisfactory except in 6 cases in which operation was performed because of the worsening of their conditions. In this paper, the indication, method, and advantages of non-operative treatment are also discussed. We believe that the change of state of consciousness, size of hematoma, degree of shift of midline structures and cerebral contusion, and type of hematoma are decisive factors in making the choice of operative or non-operative treatment.

microRNAs is a class of non-coding RNA, which is the transcriptional regulator of gene expression at the post transcriptional level.These endogenous non-coding RNA are expressed abnormally in tumor cells, in the tumor cell growth, reproduction, apoptosis and metastasis and other processes play an important regulatory role.Recently, microRNAs was widely regarded as biological diagnostic and prognostic markers of tumor in clinic, has been widely viewed.This article will introduce the important role of miRNA in tumor gene expression, as well as the use of miRNA as a tumor targeted therapy clinical application before the need to solve the problem .

With the rapid development of neurosurgery,requirement for neuroanatomy is increasing in clinical practice.The authors made a primary exploration on how to teach focal neuroanatomy for neurosurgical postgraduate students.The idea of asking the students to draw focal anatomy was suggested by the author with the purpose of making them learn it positively.Software workstation and clinical neuroradiological work-ups such as MRI and DSA were also applied and evaluated.The authors proposed all these procedures be helpful for comprehending neuroanatomy.

OBJECTIVE Optimizing the infection control process to prevent the infection in the Operating room.METHODS Based on the operating room materials,the problems were found out then with the help of the comprehensive analysis to get the best evidence,finally use the systemic method to optimize the infection control process in the operating room.RESULTS Optimal process was corresponding to the requirements of National Medical department,and has good maneuverability,so it was easy to carry out for the nurses.Comparing the control group and the observation group,we could found: the monitoring of the cleaning of occult blood on surgical instruments(P

Objective To investigate the effects of dried whey on the intestinal bacterial community and probiotics in weaned laboratory rabbits .Methods A single factor design was employed to investigate the effects of dried whey supplemented at levels of 0%, 2%, 5%and 10%, respectively, on 48 weaned (40-day-old) laboratory rabbits.At the day 30, eight rabbits in each group were taken and sacrificed after anesthesia .The total bacterial DNA from the ceacal content of each selected rabbit was drew to analyze the bacterial community and intestinal probiotics ( Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillius) population by PCR-DGGE and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, respectively.Results 1) The DGGE parameters of ceacal bacterial community were increased with the increasing dried whey supplemental levels .The number of DGGE band in 2%, 5%and 10%dried whey supplement groups (P<0.05, P<0.01), the Shannon index in 5%and 10% supplement groups ( P<0.01 ) were significantly higher than that in the 0% supplement group , but the indices of DGGE band and Shannon index had no significant differences among the 2%, 5% and 10% dried whey supplement groups (P>0.05).Supplying dried whey has no significant effects on the homogeneity index (P>0.05).2) The population of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillius in ceacal content had a trend of increase with the rising dried whey supplement levels .Compared with the 0% supplement group , the Lactobacillius population in the 2%, 5% and 10%supplement groups ( P <0.05 ) , the Bifidobacterium population in the 10% supplement group ( P <0.05 ) were significantly increased .Conclusions The results of our study indicate that: 1 ) Supplying dried whey in the feed of laboratory rabbit can effectively increase the diversity of ceacal bacterial community .2) Dried whey may effectively improve the intestinal probiotics population .

ObjectiveTo sum up the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of concealed penis,analyze the indications and advantages of different operative methods for concealed penis.Methods62 children with concealed penis were treated by different surgical operations according to the different types,and the effect of surgical treatment was arelyzed.ResultsOpertaions were successed in all 62 cases,children were discharged after 5 ～ 10 operation days.After follow-up for 3 months to 2 years,62 children had received good recovered with an effective exposure of penis and no severe edema and other complications.ConclusionChildren with concealed penis should be given personalized scheme,choose the best method to extend the length of the penis and improve the penis appearance.