Objective To investigate the gene variation and the dependability and to evaluate the possible tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 9 in the development and progression of EC. Methods LOH was detected in normal esophageal mucosa, high-grade squamous dysplasia and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by microdissection, polymerase chain reaction, denaturing polyacrylamide gel eleetrophoresis and silver nitrate staining technology. The changes of LOH at six microsatellite markers and the relationship between LOH rate were analyzed. Results In the informative cases, total frequency of LOH was 17.2 % in high-grade squamous dysplasia and 24.9 % in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. In high grade squamous dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma, LOH was detected at marker D9S162 (20.8 %, 36.7 %), D9S171 (33.3 %, 36 %), D9S753(34.8 %, 46.2 %), D9S1748(4.2 %, 13.8 %), D9S242(14.3 %, 21.2 %), D9S43(0, 0). The frequency of LOH showed significant difference among the six microsatellite markers (X2=17.26, P< 0.005; X2=22.66,P<0.005). Conclusion The progression from normal squamous epithelium to high-grade Squamous dysplasia and subsequently to squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is associated with accumulation of chromosomal change. The situs of D9S171, D9S162, D9S242, D9S753 exist higher LOH and all exceed 20 %. Possible tumor suppressor genes at or near D9S171, D9S162, D9S242, D9S753 may be related to the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Objective:To describe the secular trends of premarital medical examination ( PME ) in China during 1996 and 2013 and to assess the impacts of national health policies on the PME rate. Methods:The information on marriage and PME for districts and counties in 31 provinces of China was annually collected by the Office for National Maternal & Child Health Statistics of China, and the infor-mation on the health policies was from official governmental websites. According to the main health poli-cies, the calendar years were categorized into 3 periods:1996 to 2003 was mandatory PME period;2004 to 2008 was encouraged voluntary PME period; and 2009 to 2013 was free-paid voluntary PME period. Results: During the 18-year period, 284 242 719 people were registered for a marriage in which 107 198 795 were examined, giving the PME rate of 37. 7%. During the mandatory PME period, the rate ranged 52 . 7% -67 . 7% with an average of 60 . 9% ( urban 71 . 5%, and rural 51 . 7%) . In 2004 , the first year when the PME became voluntary, the rate was abruptly dropped to 2. 6%, and thereafter gradually increased to 11 . 5% in 2008 . As the policies of the free-paid voluntary PME were subsequently issued, the rate was quickly increased to 52. 3% (urban 49. 8%, and rural 54. 6%) in 2013. The in-creasing trend was consistently observed both in urban and rural areas, and across East, Middle, West, and Northeast economical regions. However, the rates differed greatly among provinces. In 2013, 5 pro-vinces had rates of >90% ( Guangxi 97 . 5%, Fujian 96 . 0%, Ningxia 95 . 4%, Zhejiang 93 . 4% and Anhui 90. 1%), whereas some provinces were stuck at a low rate, including developed and underdeve-loped provinces/cities. The PME rate in 2013 was 27. 4% for Shanghai, 25. 5% for Guangdong, 12. 4%for Chongqing, 5. 8% for Beijing and 4. 6% for Tianjin. Underdeveloped provinces were Guizhou (6. 4%) and Qinghai (1. 8%). Conclusion:As various national policies to promote voluntary PME were issued, the PME rate was significantly increased after a sharp decline, though it varied greatly by provinces. For provinces with high PME rate, PME-related health benefits need to be evaluated;for provinces with low rate, it is of important practical significance to explore a cost-effective health service model that is likely incorporated with pre-pregnancy examination.

Objective: To analyze the factors related to dual use of traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes among middle school students in Beijing, in order to provide a scientific basis for adapting to the new situation and carrying out tobacco control among adolescents. Methods: A multi stage cluster random sampling method was used to select 15 688 and 13 607 junior and senior middle school students from 16 districts in Beijing from April to June in 2019 and 2023, respectively. Online self administered questionnaires among middle school students in Beijing were completed, including use of traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes, exposure to second hand smoke, attitudes and perceptions towards tobacco, etc. The Chi-square test was used to compare rates, and a multiple factors Logistic regression model was used to analyze related factors of traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes dual use among middle school students. Results: The dual use rate of traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes in 2023 had decreased to 2.46% from 4.88% in 2019 among middle school students in Beijing. The results of the multiple Logistic regression model analysis showed that among middle school students, tobacco control anywhere at home (boys: OR =0.47, girls: OR =0.34), without anyone smoking on campus in the past month (boys: OR =0.43, girls: OR =0.26) had lower risks of dual use ( P <0.05); and middle school students strongly or slightly agreeing that smoking could bring happiness (boys: OR =4.11, 2.22, girls: OR =5.32, 3.87), believing that smoking could increase attractiveness of young people (boys: OR =3.13, girls: OR =5.81), smoking cigarettes handed over by good friends (boys: OR =4.24, girls: OR =7.21), thinking smoking in the next year (boys: OR =5.77, girls: OR =7.74) had higher risks of dual use ( P <0.05).Among boys, junior middle school students ( OR =0.50), excellent academic performance ( OR =0.36), no acceptance of free tobacco products from tobacco companies ( OR =0.38), believing that smoking couldn t refresh oneself ( OR =0.37) and smoking still could pose a health hazard though not yet addictive ( OR =0.32) had lower risks of dual use ( P <0.05);and boys with a history of secondhand smoke exposure indoor outside home ( OR =2.19), believing that quitting smoking without difficulty ( OR =2.57),smoking e-cigarettes handed over by good friends ( OR =11.27) had higher risks of dual use ( P <0.05). Among girls, no acceptance of using tobacco product labeled items ( OR =0.28) had lower risks of dual use ( P <0.05); and girls whose parents both smoke ( OR =5.53), believing that quitting smoking might not be difficult ( OR =4.44) had higher risks of dual use ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusions The dual use rate of traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes among middle school students in Beijing has decreased. It is recommended to take the construction of smoke free families as the starting point, so as to reduce indoor second hand smoke exposure and control tobacco promotions, and promote the formation of correct tobacco control culture and moral constraints among secondary school students.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the epidemic of Coronavirus Disease in 2019 (COVID-19) in China and population migration from Wuhan before the city implemented strict migration restrictions. Methods: We collected the cumulative number of confirmed cases with COVID-19 up to January 31, 2020 from the official website of the health administrative departments, and information on population migration out of Wuhan during January 10, 2020 and January 24, 2020, approximately half months prior to the implementation of strict migration restrictions by the city, from Baidu population-migration big data platform. Population migration data were provided for the top 100 cities in the form of percentage values, calculated as the number of migrants from Wuhan into these cities divided by the total number of migrants out of Wuhan during the same period multiplied by 100%. The two-independent sample non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare the distribution of cumulative number of cases between the top 100 cities and the remaining 205 non-top 100 cities of China. The relationship between the cumulative number of cases and the percentage of migrants from Wuhan into the top 100 cities were further assessed by Pearson correlation and by multiple linear regression with adjustment for population size, population density, and GDP per capita. Results: The top 100 cities accounted for 91.6% of total migrants out of Wuhan, and the top 14 cities were all in Hubei province. There were a total of 5,869 cases in the top 100 cities, with a median (interquartile range) of 21.5 (12~55) cases, whereas in the 205 non-top 100 cities there were a total of 1,063 cases, with a median (interquartile range) of 4 (2~7) cases. The median cumulative number of cases differed significantly between the two types of cities (P<0.001). Among the top 100 cities, there was a strong correlation between the percentage of migrants from Wuhan and the cumulated number of cases (Pearson correlation coefficient=0.92), and for every 1 percentage point increase in migrants from Wuhan the cumulative number of cases increased by approximately 42 (95%CI, 39 to 45). The number of cumulative number of cases in Wenzhou and Chongqing was detected as potential outliers in regression diagnosis (P<0.001, corresponding standardized residuals were 5.2 and 3.5, respectively), suggesting that the number of cases in these two cities was substantially higher than others with similar amount of migrants from Wuhan. Conclusions There is a strong positive association between the percentage of migrants from Wuhan and the epidemic status of COVID-19 infections in cities in China.

OBJECTIVETo study the prevalence of cerebral palsy (here in after referred to CP) in children aged 1 - 6 in Guangxi, China, and its epidemiologic characteristics and relevant risk factors.

METHODSInvestigations on the prevalence and etiology of CP in children at ages of 1 - 6 were conducted in Nanning, Hengxian and Qinzhou of Guangxi from June to December in 1998, with a cluster sampling.

RESULTSTotally, 150 806 children aged 1 - 6 were investigated in Nanning, Hengxian and Qinzhou of Guangxi, with 89 418 boys and 61 388 girls. Among them, 193 children were diagnosed as CP, with a prevalence rate of 1.28 per thousand, higher in boys (136 cases, 1.52 per thousand ) than in girls (57 cases, 0.93 per thousand ), with statistical significance (chi(2) = 9.536 7, P = 0.02). Logistic regression analysis showed that risk factors for CP were children who could not cry after birth (neonatal asphyxia), Apgar score less than eight, delivery at lower level of maternity hospital, number of mother's gravidity, no prenatal checks for mothers, and taking antipyretics and preserved food with salt during pregnancy.

CONCLUSIONSPrevalence of CP in children of Guangxi was at a lower level in comparison with that in other areas at home and abroad, which, maybe, was related with the lower neonatal survival and higher infant mortality.

Cerebral Palsy ; classification ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimesters ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors

Objective:To investigate the sleep of infants aged 0 to 5 months and explore its association with feeding patterns.Methods:A cross-sectional survey on infant sleep was conducted from February to August 2019 using "Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire" posted on a WeChat public account, which mainly included two dimensions of sleep duration and habits. In addition, information on maternal and infant characteristics as well as feeding patterns was also collected. Multiple linear regression and multinomial logistic regression were used to analyze the association between sleep and feeding patterns.Results:This study included 28 444 singleton infants aged 0 to 5 months and their mothers from 31 provincial-level administrative regions in mainland China. The median sleep duration of infants at night and during the day was 9 h and 6 h, respectively. These infants sharing the bed with their parents accounted for 53.5% (15 221/28 444). Of all infants, 46.0% (13 092/28 444) slept on their backs; 84.7% (24 078/28 444) woke up two times or more at night; 58.3% (16 597/28 444) stayed awake 2 h or more at night; 89.7% (25 523/28 444) had a sleep latency of 1 h or more. Falling asleep while being fed was the most common way to fall asleep (40.2%, 11 426/28 444). The numbers of infants who were exclusively breastfed, exclusively formula-fed and mixed-fed were 7 164 (25.2%), 4 097 (14.4%) and 17 183 (60.4%), respectively. Compared with exclusively breastfed infants, exclusively formula-fed infants slept for shorter periods at night (a β=－0.14, 95% CI:－0.22 to－0.06, P<0.05), while mixed-fed infants slept longer (a β=0.08, 95% CI: 0.02-0.13, P<0.05). Exclusively formula-fed infants had less overall sleep time than recommended ( aOR=1.10, 95% CI: 1.00-1.21, P<0.05). Exclusively formula-fed and mixed-fed infants were less likely to sleep in cribs in separate rooms ( aOR=0.50, 95% CI: 0.44-0.56; aOR=0.35, 95% CI: 0.32-0.38; both P<0.05). Exclusively formula-fed infants were less likely to share the bed with their parents ( aOR=0.91, 95% CI: 0.83-0.99, P<0.05), but the likelihood in mixed-fed infants was high ( aOR=1.19, 95% CI: 1.11-1.27, P<0.05). Mixed-fed infants were more likely to sleep on their backs ( aOR=1.12, 95% CI: 1.06-1.18, P<0.05). Exclusively formula-fed infants were more likely to stay awake for four hours or more at night ( aOR=1.12, 95% CI: 1.01-1.25, P<0.05). Conclusions:Exclusively breastfeeding was the best feeding pattern for infant sleep quantity. But much attention should be paid to sleeping habits including sleeping place and sleeping position associated with exclusively breastfeeding to improve infant sleep and feeding.

Objective:To evaluate the nutritional status of vitamin A(VitA)in breast milk and its influencing factors among lactating women in the Weihai,Yueyang,and Baotou of China.Methods:From May to July 2014,403 lactating mothers at(42±7)d postpartum were recruited from three Chinese cities,Weihai in Shandong Province,Yueyang in Hunan Province,and Baotou in Inner Mongolia.Basic information of lactating women and newborns and fish intake information of the lactating women in the last month were collected.The concentration of retinol in breast milk was collected and measured using high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the levels of VitA.According to the breast milk retinol concentration,the nutritional status of breast milk VitA among the lactating women was divi-ded into deficiency(＜1.05 μmol/L)and sufficient(≥1.05 μmol/L).The multivariate quantile regres-sion was used to calculate the adjusted breast milk retinol concentrations.The Kruskal-Wallis H test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to test the difference of breast milk retinol concentration according to the characteristics of the lactating women.The Logistic regression was used to analyze the effect of char-acteristics of lactating women on breast milk VitA deficiency.Results:The M(P25,P75)of breast milk retinol concentration among the Chinese lactating women was 1.15(0.83,1.49)μmol/L.Multivariate analysis showed that the adjusted breast milk retinol concentration was related to the regions,maternal age,ethnicity,education levels,body mass index(BMI),parity,gestational age,delivery modes,breastfeeding practice,fish intake and birth weight of the infants.The prevalence of VitA deficiency in breast milk among all the lactating women was 41.9％.In Weihai,Yueyang,and Baotou,the preva-lence rates were 34.8％,39.6％,and 51.5％,respectively.Compared with the women in Weihai,the adjusted OR for breast milk VitA deficiency among the women in Baotou was 1.75(95％CI:1.05-2.92).Compared with the women having college and above education,the adjusted OR for breast milk VitA deficiency among those having junior high school and below education were 2.16(95％CI:1.10-4.24).Compared with women with low fish intake,the adjusted OR for breast milk VitA defi-ciency among those with high fish intake were 0.55(95％CI:0.36-0.84).Conclusion:The preva-lence of breast milk VitA deficiency among the Chinese lactating women was 41.9％,suggesting that breast milk VitA deficiency in lactating women and inadequate VitA intake for infants were common in China.The women in Baotou,low educational status and low fish intake increased the risk of breast milk VitA deficiency,suggesting that attention should be paid to the nutritional status of lactating women in underdeveloped regions such as inland region,and education for health should be enhanced and food con-taining VitA such as fish intake should be increased.

Objective:To compare improved microbial assay (IMA) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) for measuring serum folate, and to investigate the linear or non-linear correlation between the results of the two methods.Methods:This comparative study was conducted in National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health from October 2020 to February 2021, in which the folate concentration of 251 serum samples were measured by IMA and ECL. According to the serum folate concentration, the folate status was divided into sufficient (≥13.5 nmol/L), marginal deficiency (6.8≤serum folate<13.5 nmol/L), and deficiency (<6.8 nmol/L). Pearson correlation analysis and multivariate fractional polynomial (MFP) model were used to evaluate the correlation between the results measured by the two methods. The sensitivity of ECL for detecting folate status were calculated based on the IMA results as the golden standard.Results:The average folate concentrations in serum samples measured by ECL and IMA were (19.8±8.2) nmol/L and (23.0±9.7) nmol/L, respectively ( P<0.001). The Pearson correlation coefficient ( r) of the two methods was 0.894 ( P<0.001), yet the MFP model demonstrated non-linear correlation between the two methods. When the IMA results were≤9.1 nmol/L, the r was 0.070 ( P>0.05); when the IMA results were>9.1 nmol/L, the r was 0.867 ( P<0.001); for non-hemolytic serum samples ( n=221), the r was 0.902 ( P<0.001). Additionally, the sensitivity of ECL detecting folate deficiency was 27.78%, and the sensitivity of ECL detecting folate insufficiency (deficiency and marginal deficiency) was 93.33%. Conclusion:When folate concentrations was>9.1 nmol/L), the results of ECL and IMA were highly correlated; yet the correlation between the two methods was weak at lower folate concentrations, indicating that ECL was not applicable for serum folate measurement among folate insufficiency population.