Acupuncture Points ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Electroacupuncture ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; complications ; Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic ; etiology ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Urination ; Young Adult

Stroke rehabilitation research has shifted its focus from empiric evidence to biological targets. This article reviewed the plasticity of the brain, spinal cord and skeletal muscle, and suggested rehabilitation techniques targeting central nervous system and skeletal muscle.

Objective To study the effect of phonophoresis on transdermal delivery of sinomenine hydrochloride ( SH ) gel in vitro. Methods Ultrasound at one of two frequencies ( 800 kHz or 1 MHz) was applied with a sonicator with a transducer in this study. The skin of male Sprague-Dawley rats was used as the model and SH gel was used as the ultrasound couplant. The permeation rate of SH was detected using a modified Franz diffusion cell maintained at 32±0.5℃ and filled with 20% polyethylene glycol 400 physiological saline solution. The transdermal phonophoresis experiments were carried out in five groups: Group Ta, f=800 kHz, / = 0.75 W/cm2, t = 10 min:Group Tb,f=1 MHz,I=0.7 W/cm2, t=10 min; Group Tc,f=1 MHz,I=0.35 W/cm2, t=10 min; Group Td,f=800 kHz, I = 1.5 W/cm2, t = 10 min and Group Tc,f=800 kHz, I=1.5 W/cm2,t=5 min. There was also a control group (C) in which the SH was allowed to diffused passively. Samples were withdrawn at the indicated intervals and the concentration of SH was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The transdermal parameters such as average accumulated delivery quantity per unit area Q8h, average transdermal steady delivery rate J, and Tlag were calculated. Results The Q8h and Js of the control group were 20.65±10.23 μ/cm2 and 3.02±0.11μ/cm2/h respectively. The phonophoresis parameters in groups Ta and Tb were, on average, significantly higher than in the control group. The parameters in group Tb were significantly larger, on average, than in Te. In group Td the parameters were significantly larger than in groups Ta and Te. Conclusions The results show that phonophoresis can enhance the transdermal delivery of SH. Phonophoresis variables such as frequency and time influence its effects on drug permeation. Almost no change was observed in the structure of the skin after phonophoresis, though under a scanning electron microscope the surface of the corneum appeared rough and porous. Phonophoresis is there-fore an effective and safe method for SH transdermal delivery, and the effect is positively relation with the applied intensity and exposure time.

BACKGROUND:Extradural cortical stimulation combines the advantages of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, subdural cortical stimulation and deep brain stimulation, which can significantly improve motor and language function after stroke. OBJECTIVE:To review the theoretical research and clinical application of extradural cortical stimulation for stroke recovery. METHODS:An online retrieval of PubMed database and CNKI database between January 1995 and April 2014 was performed for articles on theoretical research and clinical application of extradural cortical stimulation for stroke recovery, with the key words of“cortical stimulation, extradural motor cortex stimulation, extradural cortical implants, extradural cortical stimulation, stroke, rehabilitation”in English and Chinese. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Because of implantable cortical stimulation, the advantage of extradural cortical stimulation is its minimal invasiveness, high accuracy and transdural contact with the brain. For lack of effective treatment for the chronic phase of stroke patients with motor and language dysfunction, extradural cortical stimulation may be a new therapeutic method. Motor and language functional improvement must derive from reactivation of plasticity, local enhancement of perilesional areas, enhancement of network function and inter-hemispheric balance function, and amplification of sensory input.

Objective To investigate the potential of substrate elasticity in regulating rapid differentiation of HepaRG cells into hepatocyte-like cells ,and further provide hepatocytes for bioartificial liver. Methods The substrate elasticity was divided into 4 groups. The expressions of albumin(ALB)were detected by albumin-green fluorescent protein-reporter system (ALB-GFP-reporter system) and Image J software;the cell morphology was observed by microscope and the amounts of cell were detected by cell Titer-Blue cell viability assay kit (alamar blue). Results The results of ALB showed that at the 4th hour,the expressions of ALB inside the HepaRG cells between 4s group and 8s group,16 s group and Glass group were not statistically different (t = 0.791,1.389, 2.481,P>0.05);at the 4th day,the expressions of 4s group had statistical differences in comparison with those of 16s group and Glass group(t = 12.41,12.52,P < 0.05),but not statistical difference when compared with those of 8s group(t = 2.603,P > 0.05);at the 7th day,the expressions of 4s group were statistically different from those of 8s group,16s group and Glass group(t=3.266,6.725,8.005,P<0.05). The microscope showed that only a typical epithelial morphology was observed before differentiation ,then hepatocyte-like cells and bile duct-like cell were observed at differentiated phases. The alamar blue showed that at the 4th and the 7th day,the cell number of 4s group were not statistically different from that of 8s group,16s group and Glass group(P >0.05). Conclusion Soft substrate can promote differentiation of HepaRG cells.

BACKGROUND: Blood pressure of children increases with ages, and is related to anthropometric parameters, diet, sports, and other factors. To analyze relative factor of a little high blood pressure of children provides a scientific evidence for prevention and cure of primary hypertension. OBJECTIVE: To investigate correlation between blood pressure and anthropometric parameters among children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Department of Hygiene of Weifang Medical College. PARTICIPANTS: According to cluster sampling, 1 546 pupils in grade three or four were selected from a primary school for physical examination and questionnaires. Totally 1 508 pupils with complete data were regarded as the subjects.METHODS: Partial correlation analysis was used to analyze correlation between blood pressure and anthropometric parameters among children.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Correlation among anthropometric parameters, systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.RESULTS: ① Correlation coefficients of systolic pressure with sex, age, height, body mass, chest circumference of Peason were 0.078, 0.166, 0.337, 0.313 and 0.304 (P ＜ 0.01). ② Correlation coefficients of diastolic pressure with sex, age, height, body mass, chest circumference of Peason were 0.047, 0.120, 0.268, 0.271 and 0.251 (P ＜ 0.01). ③ After controlling two effect of anthropometric parameters on each other, systolic pressure and diastolic pressure were only correlated with height and chest circumference (P ＜ 0.01), but was not correlated with age, sex and body mass (P ＞ 0.05). CONCLUSION: After controlling the effect of anthropometric parameters on each other, systolic pressure and diastolic pressure of children were positively correlated with height and chest circumference.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between tinnitus severity and anxiety experienced by patients in order to explore its role in the rehabilitation of the tinnitus. METHOD: A total of 119 patients complaining of tinnitus were recruited in a cross-sectional survey. Correlation was studied by series of instruments including tinnitus general questionnaire, tinnitus handicap inventory (THI) and self-rating anxiety scale (SAS). RESULT: Significant correlations between THI and SAS scores (r = 0.573, P < 0.01), and between THI classification and SAS scores were shown (r = 0.551, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION There was a moderate positive correlation between tinnitus severity and anxiety. If a patient reports a THI greater than 38, the otolaryngologist should supplement diagnostic studies with a psychological consultation.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Anxiety ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Disability Evaluation ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tinnitus ; diagnosis ; psychology ; Young Adult

It was generally believed that muscular atrophy of paralyzed limbs after stroke was due to disuse. However, recent studies have found that secondary lesions of motor neurons in the contralateral anterior horn of the spinal cord and the decrease of motor units lead to denervation, which plays an essential role in muscular atrophy and muscle fiber type transition. This article reviews the phenomenon and mechanism of muscular atrophy and denervation of paralyzed limbs after stroke, to provide a reference for clinical evaluation and experimental research.

Objective: To classify the expression of RyR2 in the brain of prion infected hamsters. Methods: Immunohistochemical assays was used to verify that the location of RyR2 in the brain slices of hamster. Assays of the brain samples of intracranial inoculation of scrapie infected hamster (agent 263 K) and normal hamster were tested to evaluate the RyR2 expression by Western Blotting. Immunofluorescent assays were used to verify the co-location between RyR2 and PrP protein. Results: RyR2 mainly located in cortex and Purkinje cells with parts of which are distributed in thalamus, hippocampus and olfactory bulb. The expression of RyR2 significantly decreased in the 263 K infected hamster at terminal stage. The Immunofluorescence tests showed that RyR2 was colocalized with PrP protein. Conclusions The experimental data showed that RyR2 may play a crucial role in prion disease, which might be closely linked to the cognition impairment and neuron loss. The relation between RyR2 and prion disease still needs further research.