Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a condition of abnormal sympathetic response,which generally occurs in patients with the spinal cord injury (SCI) at levels of T6 and above.AD usually occurs owing to the excessive reaction of the sympathetic nervous system to the adverse stimulus.Since AD can result in fatal complications,such as epilepsy,apnea,heart infarction,acute intracranial hypertension and cerebral hemorrhage,the diagnosis and treatment of AD is very important.This article simply introduces the morbidity,pathogenesis,causative factor,clinical manifestation and treatment of AD by reviewing recent literatures.

Complex intracranial aneurysms refer to huge aneurysm, wide-necked aneurysm, fusiform aneurysm, microaneurysm, dissecting aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm.Endovascular interventional therapy is one of the safe and effective methods for intracranial aneurysms. However, the treatment is still limited by the morphology and is challenged by the recurrence for most of the complex intracranial aneurysms. The article reviews the treatment progress of complex intracranial aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: Revascularization is necessary for tissue-engineered bone implantation by osteogenesis to effectively repair bone defect.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) modified by bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) in combination with polylactic acid/polycaprolactone (PLA/PCL) to repair rabbit radial bone defect during the vascularization, and to investigate the promotive effects of BMP-2 gene on the vascularization of bone graft.DESIGN: Randomized controlled animal study.SETTING: This study was performed in the Central Laboratory of China Medical University from January to December 2005.MATERIALS: PLA/PCL with 150-250 μm pore diameter and 90% interval porosity was provided by Changchun Applied Chemistry Institute, Chinese Academy of Science. Sixty 3-month-old New Zealand rabbits were selected in this study.METHODS: Sixty rabbits were randomly divided into four groups with 15 rabbits in each group. Subsequently, middle segments of bilateral radial bone were obtained to establish 1.5-cm bone defect models that were implanted with processed artificial bones. Adenovirus carrying BMP-2 (AD-BMP-2) group: Artificial bones were processed with transfected BMP-2 cells plus PLA/PCL; Control group: Artificial bones were processed with adenovirus carrying β-gal gene (Ad-Lacz) plus PLA/PCL; Non-transfection group: Artificial bones were processed with non-transfected cells plus PLA/PCL; PLA/PCL group: PLA/PCL alone for transplantation.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Four, eight, and twelve weeks after surgery, X-ray was used to observe new bone formation; stereoscopic microscope to observe distribution of microvessels; haematoxylin-eosin staining to detect the relationship between microvessels and bone formation; transmission electron microscope to investigate the correlation between osteoblasts and vascular endothelial cells, detect vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and calculate the number of microvessels.RESULTS: Four postoperative weeks in the AD-BMP-2 group, numerous microvessels were observed; stent pore was full of cartilage calluses; active osteoblasts grew around microvessels; vascular endothelial growth factor expression and numbers of microvessels were higher and more than those in other groups. Eight postoperative weeks, osteoblasts gradually increased in the bone graft; microvessels circuitously expanded and connected each other; cartilage callus changed into trabecular bone. Twelve postoperative weeks, cortical bones were successive; medullary cavity recanalized; microvessels longitudinally arranged in order. Ability of bone formation in the control group and non-transfection group was weak, and vascular regeneration was slow; 12 postoperative weeks, bone defect was primarily repaired; microvessels were distributed along the pores of newborn bone trabecula. Newborn vessels were hard found in the PLA/PCL group at each time point. Twelve postoperative weeks, bone extremities sclerotized, and defect regions were fully filled by fiber tissues.CONCLUSION: Transfected BMP-2 gone by up-regulating vascular endothelial growth factor expression can indirectly induce vascularization of bone graft, promote survival of seed cells, and accelerate bone formation.

BACKGROUND: Tissue engineered bone constructed in vitro is a compound of cell and material; additionally, revascularization plays a key role in effectively repairing bone defect after transplantation of tissue engineered bone.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of antigen-extracted bovine cancellous bone stent combining with bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) on vascularized reaction during reparative process of bone defect.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: Randomized grouping design and controlled animal study, which was performed at the Central Laboratory, China-Japan Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University.MATERIALS: Sixty rabbits of clean grade were selected in this study. Superior cancellous bone of bovine humerus was used to establish bovine cancellous bone stent. Recombinant adenovirus carrying human BMP-2 (Ad-BMP-2) and β -galactosidae gene (Ad-Lacz), and recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) were graciously presented by Dr. Oliver and Pro. Gao, Department of Pathology of Jilin University.METHODS: Marrow mesenchymal stem cells were extracted from 60 rabbits, and then they were transfected with BMP-2 adenovirus vector to repair 1.5-cm defects of radial bone of both upper extremities by combining with bovine cancellous bone transplantation. Rabbits were randomly divided into 5 group with 12 in each group: Ad-BMP-2 transfected cells+bovine cancellous bone group, non-transfected cells+rh-BMP-2+bovine cancellous bone group, Ad-Lacz transfected cells +bovine cancellous bone group, non-transfected cells + bovine cancellous bone group, and bovine cancellous bone group. Transplanted bone was fixed by tightly suturing tunica muscularis and anadesma.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: New bone formation was observed by X ray at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery; microvascular ink perfusion was used to observe vascular distribution; transmission electron microscope was used to observe osteoblasts and vascularization; hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, alcian blue staining, and VonKossa staining were used to observe correlation between microvessels and bone formation; immunohistochemical staining of vascular endothelial growth factor was used to detect gray value; immunohistochemical staining of CD34 was used to specifically label vascular endothelial cells for microvascular amount.RESULTS: Sixty rabbits were included into the final analysis. X-ray and immunohistochemical examinations demonstrated that bone formation and vascularization in the Ad-BMP-2 transfected cells+bovine cancellous bone group and non-transfected cells+rh-BMP-2+bovine cancellous bone group were superior to those in other three groups. After four weeks, microvascular ink perfusion indicated that a branch of small vessels was formed in pore of trabecular bone. Vascular density was higher in the peripheral domains but lower in the central regions. Transmission electron microscope suggested that a lot of osteoblasts and new vascular buds with active function were observed four weeks after surgery. Mature lamellar bone was formed 12 weeks after surgery, and structure of new vessels was complete. Detection of vascular endothelial growth factor expression and microvascular amount indicated that content of vascular endothelial growth factor in the Ad-BMP-2 transfected cells+bovine cancellous bone group was significantly higher than that in other four groups (P<0.01), and microvascular amount was also significantly higher than that in other four groups (P<0.01).CONCLUSION: BMP-2 gene can indirectly induce vascularization of transplanted bone through up-regulating vascular endothelial growth factor expression, which is superior to rh-BMP-2.

BACKGROUND:The incorporating of zeolites or porous fillers into polymer membranes can improve the pervaporation separation properties of membranes.But the effect mechanism of zeolites or porous fillers on membrane properties needs to be further studied.OBJECTIVE:The study was designed to prepare ZSM-5 zeolite incorporated chitosan membrane by solution blending method to investigate the effecIs of zeolite on membrane pervaporation properties.DESIGN:A controlled observation.SETTING:Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.MATERIALS:This study was performed at the Laboratory of New Type Membrane Separation Technology,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences in May 2006.Chitosan,with deacetylation degree of 75%-85%,was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company,USA;Dimethyl carbonate(DMC),with purity of 99%,was purchased from Fluka Chemical Company,USA:ZSM-5 zeolite was kindly supplied by Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,China;Methanol,with purity＞99.5%,were purchased from Shenyang Lianbang Chemical Company,China.METHODS:ZSM-5 zeolite incorporated chitosan membranes were prepared by solution blending method.properties.RESULTS:Scanning electron mieroscope demonstrated that zeolite was uniformly distributed in the membrane matrix and the membranes were free from possible defects.The separation selectivity of dimethyl carbonate(DMC)/methanol mixtures was dominated by solubility selectivity rathcr than diffusivity selectivity.Swelling degree increased and the permeation flux of the membranes increased significantly with the zeolite content increasing.From the temperature-dependent permcation values,the Arrhenius activation parameten were estimated.CONCLUSION:The pervaporation results indicated that the membranes incorporated with the ZSM-5 zeolite exhibited better separation properties for DMC/methanol mixtures comparing with homogeneous chitosan membranes.

We have observed the protective effects of indocin (IND), a potent inhibitor of pro-sglandins (PGs), on ototoxicity induced by furosemide (FU) using the synchronous recording technique of endocochlear potential (EP) and auditory action potential(AP) in guinea pigs. The FU group were found to have a mean decrease in EP of 65.1?5.6mV and AP amplitude 91.5?10.2%. In contrast, the animals in the FU+IND group had a much smaller reduction of EP(17.5 ?3.8mV) and AP amplitude(31.1?4.7%). The rate of return in EP and AP was much faster in the FU+IND group as compared with the other group. Our findings suggest that the ototoxicity of FU may be related to the mediation of PGs in the inner ear target tissues. IND can interrupt an increase in endogenous PGs in cochlear tissues triggered by FU injection by inhibiting the biological synthesis of PGs, thus effectively diminishing the ototoxicity induced by FU.

Objective: To research the effect of Xinkai Kujiang method on gastric myoelectrical activity and autonomic nerve function in functional dyspepsia(functional Thirty,FD) rat,and to reveal the overall regulatory mechanism of Xinkai Kujiang method and help for the clinical trials and treatment.Methods: FD rats being the experiment subject,we observed the effects of Xinkai Kujiang method on FD rat gastrointestinal movement,including the following index,the main frequency,power,even the percentage of slow wave duality.Meanwhile we observed the effect of Xinkai Kujiang method on FD rat heart ratevariability(HRV),evaluated the effect on autonomic nerve function,and revealed FD rats overall adjustment mechanism.Results: Before treatment,the result of model group,weikangning group and the normal control group was significantly different(P0.05),but that of weikangning and the model group had significant differences(P0.05),weikangning group change trend was significantly different(P

To study the effectiveness of gene therapy for acoustic trauma induced by intensive noise, the replication defective adenovirus that carries human neurotrophin 3 cDNA(Ad NT3) was inoculated into the guinea pig cochlea 3 days after exposure. ABR and CAP were recorded after 14 days and 2 months, respectively. No difference was found 14 days after exposure. At the end of two months, the Ad NT3 treated animals showed less ABR threshold shift, lower CAP threshold and shorter CAP N1 latency by 100dBSPL click. The result suggested that Ad NT3 could be used to express the neurotrophins within the cochlea and reduce noise induced hearing loss in vivo .

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of acupuncture, chiropractic plus functional exercise of lumbar and gluteal muscles in treating postpartum sacroiliac malposition.Method Forty patients with postpartum sacroiliac malposition were randomized into group A, group B, group C and group D, 10 cases in each group. Group A was intervened by acupuncture, chiropractic plus functional exercise of lumbar and gluteal muscles, group B by acupuncture plus chiropractic, group C by acupuncture plus functional exercise of lumbar and gluteal muscles, and group D by chiropractic plus functional exercise of lumbar and gluteal muscles. The four groups were intervened once every other day. The modified Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) score was observed before and after 5 treatment sessions, and the clinical efficacies in the four groups were compared.Result The total effective rates were 100.0% in the four groups, and the inter-group differences were statistically insignificant (P>0.05). The ODI scores in the four groups were significantly changed after treatment and in the 3-month follow-up study compared with those before the treatment (P<0.05). After the treatment, the ODI score in group B was significantly different from that in the other groups (P<0.05). The ODI scores in group A and B in the 3-month follow-up study were significantly different from those after the treatment in the same group (P<0.05). The ODI score in group A was significantly different from that in the other groups in the 3-month follow-up study (P<0.05). The ODI score in group B in the 3-month follow-up study was significantly different from that in group C and D (P<0.05).Conclusion Acupuncture, chiropractic plus functional exercise of lumbar and gluteal muscles is definitely effective in treating postpartum sacroiliac malposition, acupuncture plus chiropractic can produce a significant short-term efficacy and alleviate the symptoms, and functional exercise of lumbar and gluteal muscle can produce an obvious long-term efficacy.

With the development of the medical imageology, the lumbar pain resulted from vertebral compression of the anterior column can be treated through percutaneous vertebroplasty (PV). PV has some advantages, such as short operative time, definite pain release, less complications and better security. However, there are some indications and contraindications in PV. PV can reach the prospective effect after handling these indications and contraindications. The authors reviewed the predominance, anatomy, indications, contraindications, assessment before the operation, operative methods, complications of PV in this article.