Adenoid hypertrophy is a disease that mostly occurs among children of 3-5 years old. It is caused by repeated inflammation and infection of nasopharynx and its adjoin parts, or the adenoid itself, which will finally leads to pathological hyperplasia of adenoid. With so much information we have acquired about this disease, its specific mechanism remains unknown. In recent years, some researches have indicated that adenoid hypertrophy may have something to do with extra-gastroesophageal reflux, in which pepsin plays a very important role, and pepsin will do a series of pathological damages to the upper airway as it reaches the upper respiratory tract. Based on relative domestic and foreign literature, this paper attempts to make a review about the relationship between gastroesophageal reflux and adenoid hypertrophy.
Adenoids ; pathology ; Child ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; complications ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; complications ; Nasopharynx ; pathology ; Pepsin A ; metabolism

Objective To investigate the effect of sevoflurane preconditioning-postconditioning on thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin I2 during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats. Methods Fifty healthy male Wistar rats weighing 250-280 g were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10 each) : sham operation group (group S) , I/R group, sevoflurane preconditioning group (group Spr), sevoflurane postconditioning group (group Spo)and combination of sevoflurane preconditioning and postconditioning group (group Spr + po). Myocardial I/R was produced by occlusion of anterior descending branch of left coronary artery for 30 min followed by 2 h reperfusion in anesthetized rats. In group S the anterior descending branch was only exposed but not ligated. Group Spr received 15 min inhalation of 2.5 % sevoflurane and 15 min wash-out 30 min before ischemia. Group Spo received 5 min inhalation of 2.5% sevoflurane 1 min before reperfusion. Arterial blood samples were taken at 2 h of reperfusion for determination of the levels of MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB) , lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) , cardiac troponin I (cTnI), thromboxane B2(TXB2), and 6-keto-prostaglandin (6-keto-PGF1α) and platelet maximum aggregation rate. TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio was calculated. The myocardial tissues were taken for microscopic examination. Mitochondria] injury was assessed by using Flameng score and stereology (Specific surface, δ and Numerical density on area, NA) .Results Compared with group S, the levels of CK-MB, LDH, cTnI, TXE2 and 6-ketoPGF1α, TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio, platelet maximum aggregation rate and Flameng score were significantly increased, while δ and NA were significantly decreased in group I/R (P < 0.05 or 0.01) . The levels of CK-MB,LDH and cTnI, TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio and Flameng score were significantly lower, and 6-keto-PGF1α level, δand NA were significantly higher in Spr and Spo groups than in group I/R ( P < 0.05 or 0.01) . The levels of CKMB, LDH, cTnI and TXB2 , TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio, platelet maximum aggregation rate and Flameng score were significantly lower and 6-keto-PGF1α level,δ and NA were significantly higher in group Spr + po than in Spr and Spo groups(P < 0.05). Conclusion Sevoflurane preconditioning-postconditioning can reduce myocardial I/R injury through inhibiting the release of thromboxane A2 and promoting the release of prostaglandin I2 in rats.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of maternal pat with Chinese medicine in episiotomy wound care. Methods One thousand one hundred cases of maternal with full-term,vaginal delivery, episiotomy in the Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from Jun. 2013 to Jun. 2014 were randomly divided into test group and control group. Patients in test group were given routine nursing care combined with Chinese medicine maternal pat to nurse perineal wound,while in the control group were given routine nursing combined with common maternal pat. The data of perineal wound swelling,pain and healing were recorded and compared in two groups. Results The incidences of mild,moderated swelling within 24 h,48 h in test group were 35. 5%( 195/550 )and 6. 0%( 33/550 ),13. 4%( 74/550 )and 1. 6%( 9/550 ),significantly lower than that of the control group( 24 h:51. 5%( 283/550 ),24. 5%( 135/550 );48 h:34. 2%( 188/550 ), 2. 7%(15/550);Z=12. 555,8. 144;P﹤0. 01). The incidences of moderate,severe pain within 24 h,48 h in test group were 12. 5%(69/550)and 2. 9%(16/550),8. 4%(46/550)and 1. 3%(7/550),significantly lower than that of the control group( 24 h:37. 3%( 205/550 ),7. 5%( 41/550 );48 h:20. 6%( 113/550 ),3. 5%(19/550);Z=10. 429,11. 886;P ﹤0. 01). The wound healing rate in test group was 92. 36%,significantly higher than that of control group( 80. 73%,P ﹤0. 01 ). The wound infection rate in test group was 1. 82%, significant lower than that of control group(3. 82%,P﹤0. 01). The incidence of comfort and satisfaction in test group was 90. 18%,significantly higher than that of control group(73. 09%;Z= -5. 614,-7. 345;P ﹤0. 05). Conclusion Nursing lateral episiotomy wound using Chinese medicine maternal pat can reduce the swelling, pain and promote wound healing with convenient and comfortable. Therefore,it is worth of the clinical popularization and application.

Objective To investigate the relationship between body fat distribution and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in middle-aged and aged population. Methods Two hundred patients received health examination were enrolled into the male group (103 cases) and the female group (97 cases). Visceral fat volume (VFV), subcutaneous fat volume (SFV) and ba-PWV were determined. Results Compared to patients in the female group, patients in the male group had significantly higher VFV values [(3.17 ± 0.84) kg vs (2.30 ± 0.94) kg], and lower SFV values [(15.56 ± 3.49) kg vs (17.69 ± 4.82) kg], In the male group, there existed a positive correlation between ba-PWV and age, VFV, fasting blood glucose,SBP and DBP. In the female group, a positive correlation was found between ba-PWV and age, SFV, TG, BUN, SBP and DBP, while a negative correlation was observed for HDL-C and Apo A1. Conclusion There was gender differences in body fat distribution in middle-aged and aged healthy population. In the male group , age, VFV, SBP, and DBP were the only independent and significant risk factors for ba-PWV. In the female group , age, SBP and Apo A1 were the independent risk factors for ba-PWV.

Objective To summarize the features of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRi) of hepatic cystic echinococcosis, and investigate the key points of identification and diagnosis.Methods The clinical data of 58 patients with hepatic cystic echinococcosis who were admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University from August 2011 to August 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.Patients received plain and enhanced scan of CT and MRI.Hepatic cystic echinococcosis was divided into the 5 types according to the literatures, including unilocular echinococcasis in type Ⅰ, multivesicular hydatid cysts in type Ⅱ, anechoic content with detachment of laminated membrane from the cyst wall in type Ⅲ, calcification of lesions in type Ⅳ and mixed echinococcosis in type Ⅴ.Patients who were diagnosed as with definite or suspected hepatic cystic echinococcosis underwent surgery.The follow-up including observing the recurrence of hepatic cystic echinococcosis was performed by outpatient examination and telephone interview at postoperative month 3, 6, 12 for 1 year and then once every year up to August 2015, and was ended if there was no recurrence for more than 5 years.Results (1) The results of CT and MRI examinations: of the 58 patients, 54 received scan of CT and 21 received scan of MRI.Seventeen patients were detected in type Ⅰ with clear-boundary and low-density cystic lesions by CT examination;MRI examinations showed there were single or multiple, round or oval abnormal signal including low T1WI signal, high T2 WI signal and low T1 WI and T2WI signal of cyst wall.Thirteen patients were detected in type Ⅱ, CT examination showed the daughter cysts of multiple sizes were found in the mother cyst, arranged in honeycomb or wheel shape;MRI examination showed there were lower T1 WI signal in the daughter cyst and higher T2 WI signal in the daughter cyst compared with signal in the mother cyst, and low signal in the cyst wall of the daughter cyst and mother cyst.Six patients were detected in type Ⅲ with capsule in capsule sign and water snake sign by CT examination and ribbon sign by MRI examination.Thirteen patients were detected in type Ⅳ, CT examination showed there were irregular high-density calcified shadow with the performances for return sample or sample volume skins changes.Nine patients in type Ⅴ had more than 2 kinds of lesions.(2) Diagnosis: 4 patients were misdiagnosed by CT examination including 3 with preoperative diagnosis of hepatic cyst and 1 with preoperative diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma of liver, with an accurate rate of diagnosis of 92.6％ (50/54).Two patients with preoperative diagnosis of hepatic cystic adenocarcinoma were misdiagnosed by MRI examination, with an accurate rate of diagnosis of 90.5％ (19/21).(3) Treatment and follow-up: 58 patients underwent surgery, including 40 undergoing internal capsule removal with external capsule suturing (31 with open operation and 9 with laparoscopic operation), 10 undergoing partial hepatectomy and 8 undergoing external capsule enucleation.Of 58 patients, 3 were complicated with effusion of residual cavity, 2 with unclosed external capsule, 1 with bile leakage and then was cured after 4-8 week drainage.Fifty patients were followed up for 12.0-48.0 months with a median time of 27.1 months and a follow-up rate of 86.2％ (50/58).During the follow-up, 1 patient undergoing internal capsule removal had recurrence at postoperative month 8 and was cured by CT-guided interventional therapy using absolute alcohol, and other patients had no recurrence.Conclusions There was a higher accuracy in CT and MRI examinations for hepatic cystic echinococcosis.Honeycomb and wheel shapes are characteristic findings of hepatic cystic echinococcosis in type Ⅱ.The characteristic performances of CT examination for hepatic cystic echinococcosis in type Ⅲ are capsule in capsuleand water snake signs, and characteristic performances of MRI examination is ribbon sign.The ring-like enhancement of edge by MRI examination is an essential of identification and diagnosis between hepatic cystic echinococcosis and hepatic cyst, and irregular calcification is a differential point between hepatic echinococcosis and hepatic tumor.

OBJECTIVE:To observe the efficacy and safety of spraying mannatide and 5-fluorouracil in anocelia during sur-gery of lung cancer based on the adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS:Totally 114 patients with lung cancer radical surgery were randomly divided into observation group(59 cases)and control group(55 cases). There were spraying mannatide(40-80 mg)and 5-fluorouracil(500 mg)in the observation group;and nothing drugs were sprayed in control group. The patients higher than phaseⅡ were treated by adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery for continuous 2 cycles,21 d as a cycle. The clinical data was compared, including amount of bleeding and drainage,hospital stay,complications,toxicity,KPS score,body weight changes,immune func-tion,survival rate and recurrence rates between 2 groups. RESULTS:There were no significant differences among the amount of bleeding and drainage,hospital stay and complications in the 2 groups (P>0.05). The nausea,vomiting,leucopenia,the KPS score,improvement of total effective rate,and improvement rate of body mass,immune function,survival rate in 1 and 2 year (s),recurrence rate and time within 2 years in observation group were significantly better than control group,with significant dif-ferences(P<0.01 or P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Spraying mannatide and 5-fluorouracil can reduce the toxicity in anocelia during surgery of lung cancer based on the adjuvant chemotherapy,improve the immune function and survival rate,reduce recurrence rate and prolong the recurrence time.

OBJECTIVE:To observe clinical efficacy and safety of Ebastine tablet combined with Chushi zhiyang ointment in the treatment of hand keratinizing chapped eczema. METHODS:135 cases of hand keratinizing chapped eczema were divided into control group A(45 cases),control group B(43 cases)and treatment group(47 cases)according to treatment regimen. Control group A was orally given Ebastine tablet,10 mg each time,qd;control group B was given Chushi zhiyang ointment alone,twice a day,morning and evening,applying thin layer of ointment on the affected area;treatment group was given same dose of Ebastine tablet orally and applied Chushi zhiyang ointment on the affected area. 3 groups received treatment for consecutive 4 weeks. Clinical efficacies of 3 groups were observed as well as the scores of pruritus,skin lesion area,keratinization,rhagades and VAS before and after treatment. The occurrence of ADR was compared among 3 groups. RESULTS:The total effective rate of treatment group was 68.09%,which was significantly higher than that of group A(42.22%)and control group B(16.28%),with statistical significance(P<0.05). There was no statistical significance in the scores of pruritus,skin lesion area,keratinization,rhagades and VAS among 3 groups before treatment(P>0.05). After treatment,above scores of 3 groups decreased significantly,and those of treatment group were significant-ly lower than those of control group A and B,with statistical significance(P<0.05). There was no statistical significance in the inci-dence of ADR among 3 groups(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Ebastine tablet combined with Chushi zhiyang ointment is effective for hand keratinizing chapped eczema,and can significantly improve the skin of patients with good safety.

Objective To observe the changes of Lipids,FBS,ISI and lipoprotein lipase in obesity-related hypertensive patients and investigate the relationship of abnormal glucose and lipid with obesity-related hypertension as well as metabolic syndrome.Methods A total of 122 obesity-related hypertensive patients and 122 matched normal individuals were enrolled.Blood pressure,BMI,WHR and serum lipids and glucose,serum and adipose tissue LPL were measured.Results The TG,FBS and INS in obesity-related hypertensive patients were significantly higher than those in normal control group(P(0.05)).Correlated analysis showed that serum LPL mass was respectively correlated with BMI(r=-0.64,P

Objective Benzoquinone ansamycin antibiotic, geldanamycin (GA), is a new anticancer agent that could inhibit Hsp90 by occupying its NH2-terminal ATP-binding site. This study was to investigate the antitumor efficacy of GA on Her2/neu tyrosine kinase overexpressing human breast cancer cell line SKBr3. Methods The degradation of Her2/neu tyrosine kinase was analyzed by Western blotting, the proliferation index was determined by MTT assay,cell cycle distribution was detected by flow cytometry, Cyclin D1 mRNA transcription was measured by RT-PCR and real-time PCR, and cell motility was evaluated by the cell culture insert model. Results GA induced a dose- and a time-dependent degradation of the Her2/neu tyrosine kinase protein and concurrently, the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. The antitumor effects mediated by GA included: GA treatment decreased the survival rates of cancer cells,and led to a dase-dependent G1 arrest. Furthermore, this antitumor effect was proved to be related to declined transcription of Cyclin D1. Concurrently, the motility of cancer cells was reduced by GA. Conclusion GA treatment could induce the degradation of Her2/neu tyrnsine kinase efficiently, inhibit cancer cell proliferation and reduce motility in Her2/nen tyrosine kinase overexpressed human breast cancer cell line SKBr3.

Objective To evaluate the identification successful rate of sentinel lymph node (SLN) with breast cancer and the accuracy to predict axillary lymph node status in different vital blue dyes.Methods 94 patients with breast cancer were recruited for the study between Oct. 1999 and Apr. 2001, of whom 32 and 62, respectively, were injected 0.028mmol*L-1 Methylene blue and 0.018mmol*L-1 Patent blue violet in breast parenchyma surrounding the primary tumor to identify SLN.All 94 patients underwent the axillary lymph node dissection.Results For Methylene blue group and Patent blue violet group, SLN identification successful rates were 65.6% (21/32) and 88.7% (55/62) (P=0.012) and accuracy rate to predict axillary lymph node status were 90.5% (19/21) and 98.2% (54/55) (P=0.183), respectively.Conclusion In identifying SLN,Patent blue violet is more ideal vital blue dye than Methylene blue, whereas the accuracy rate to predict axillary lymph node status had no significant difference.