Cerebral small vessel diseases refer to small intracranial vascular lesions caused ischemic or hemorrhagic disease.Although researches have performed a large number of studies for its pathogenesis,it remains unclear now.This article reviews the pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel diseases from endothelial dysfunction,blood-brain barrier damage,ischemic and hypoperfusion,amyloid deposition,and genetic factor.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate method established and system evaluated in the model of SD rat with AR. METHOD: To establish AR model of SD rats by ovalbumin (OVA), 20 cases of SD rats were randomly divided into two groups, namely control group (10 cases) and AR group (10 cases). AR models were sensitized and challenged by OVA. Control group were used with normal saline instead of OVA. The score of pathology and praxiology were observed when the SD rats in AR group appeared typical symptom of allergic rhinitis, and levels of IL-4, IFN-γ, IgE in the serum were examined by ELISA. According to the behavioral score, nasal histology and content of IL-4, IFN-γ, IgE of serum, Rat allergic rhinitis model were judged successfully established or not. RESULT: Behavioral scores were significantly increased in OVA-challenged rats compared with the control group, P<0.05. Nasal epithelial goblet cells, eosinophils and lymphocytes in nasal mucosa in the AR rats exhibited obvious increase relative to the control group. IL-4, IgE levels in the AR rat exhibited obvious increase relative to control group while INF-γ levels exhibited obvious reduction (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The allergic rhinitis models in SD rat by OVA were successfully established. The levels of IgE, INF-γ and IL-4 in Serum can be used as objective evaluation of animal models of allergic rhinitis established successfully or not.
Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Eosinophils ; immunology ; Goblet Cells ; immunology ; Immunoglobulin E ; blood ; Interferon-gamma ; blood ; Interleukin-4 ; blood ; Nasal Mucosa ; cytology ; pathology ; Ovalbumin ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; physiopathology

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical features and treatments of contact granuloma of larynx. METHOD: To find the best treatments by analyzing the clinical features, related causes and the treatments of the 13 contact granuloma of larynx cases, which have complete data, of our department from Jan 2005 to Dec 2012, also by comparing the effect of conservative treatment and operation treatment. RESULT: Contact granuloma of larynx is more common in men (84.6%). The main causes are gastro esophageal reflux, chronic cough, habitual hawk and endotracheal intubation disease. However, a big part (38.4%) gets the disease without any other disease history. The main clinical feature of the disease includes: sensation of foreign matter in throat, easy to get exhausted when talking and voice hoarse, but also 30.7% without any feature in throat. Among the 13 cases, 6 were treated by operation and the first recurrence was 66.6%. The cure rate was 50% after one or two operations. The other 7 were treated in conservative way, including anti- Gastro esophageal reflux, avoiding excessive talking, reducing habitual hawk ,or without any medical treatment. The cure rate was 57.1%. The total cure rate was 53.8%. However, it is nonsense to comparing the two different treatments (Chi2 = 0.066, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION There is still no standard treatment for contact granuloma of larynx and the effect is not good enough. The treatment should be depending on individual case. Conservative treatment is the first choice. However, operation should be considered if the patient has obviously hoarse and his granuloma is too large to breathe well.
Chronic Disease ; Female ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; complications ; Granuloma, Laryngeal ; etiology ; therapy ; Hoarseness ; etiology ; Humans ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Male ; Recurrence

Objective To study the efficacy and toxicity of tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate(THPS)in indoor air disinfection.Methods The orthogonal experiments were employed with three factors including concentration of THPS,temperature and time,and four levels including the concentrations of THPS,0.05%,0.1%,0.5%,1%,and the temperature,15℃,20℃,25℃,30℃,and the time,2 h,4 h,8 h,16 h.The germicidal effect of THPS with those factors was assessed.Using modified method,Daphnia magna straus(Cladocera crustacea),Brachydanio rerio,mice were randomly divided into 5 dose groups and a control respectively.For Daphnia magna straus(Cladocera crustacea),123.03 mg/L,134.90 mg/L,147.91 mg/L,162.18 mg/L and 177.83 mg/L,for Brachydanio rerio,42.66 mg/L,57.54 mg/L,77.62 mg/L,104.71 mg/L and 140.90 mg/L,for mice,183.60 mg/kg,293.75 mg/kg,470.00 mg/kg,752.00 mg/kg and 1 203.20 mg/kg.The data for 2th,4th and 7th day of treatment were collected for calculation of the 48h-EC50,the 96h-LC50 and the acute oral LD50 in Daphnia magna straus(Cladocera crustacea),Brachydanio rerio and mice.Results The maximal germicidal rate of THPS in indoor air was over 86%.At the concentration of 0.5% THPS,4 h reaction time,germicidal efficacy of THPS was optimal.The toxicity test indicated that the acute oral LD50 for mice was 492.72 mg/kg,the 48 h-EC50 for Daphnia magna straus(Cladocera crustacea)was 143.61 mg/L,the 96h-LC50 for Brachydanio rerio was 84.17mg/L.Conclusion The toxicity of THPS is low and can be used for indoor air disinfection with a good efficacy and the potential benefit for environment.

Objective To compare the clinical performance of the self-etching and the phosphoric acid etching adhesive system for restoration of non-carious Class V restorations for a period of two years.Methods There were 37 patients with at least one pairs of similar-sized non-carious cervical lesions participated in the study.120 restorations were placed by one operator,of which 60 with phosphoric acid etching adhesive system(Spectrum TPH,Prime& Bond)and 60 with self-etch(Clearfil AP-X,SE Bond).The restorations were evaluated by ?2 statistics at the baseline,6th,12th and 24th month according to the modified Ryge"s USPHS criteria.Results At two years,106 teeth were reviewed in 33 patients.The retention rates for self-etching adhesive system were 89% and for phosphoric acid etching adhesive system 77%.The percentage of the retention rates of both adhesive systems was not found to be different when calculating the failure rates.No cases in both adhesive systems showed slight marginal discoloration problems.Some cases for each adhesive system had slight color change after the same period.Conclusions The performance of both adhesive systems is excellent during this two-year clinical trial.The self-etch adhesive system exhibites slightly better coloar match than the phosphoric acid etching system.

Objective To investigate the effect of the increased pulse pressure on cerebrovascular hemodynamic index.Methods From January 2014 to October 2016,the application of the method of cross-sectional study,6 006 consecutive health subjects examined and detected with ultrasound noninvasive cerebral hemodynamic index (CVHI) at the Physical Examination Center,Pu′er People′s Hospital,Yunnan Province were enrolled.In order to control the influence of age and gender on the results,according to age and gender in the increased pulse pressure group (≥60 mmHg),and the same sex and age difference of not more than 1 years old were selected as the inclusion criteria in the normal pulse pressure group (60 mmHg).Finally,1 115 subjects were enrolled as a control group for comparative analysis.The study population was divided into an increased pulse pressure group (n=590) and a normal pulse pressure group (n=1 115) in a mixed manner.The differences of CVHI index and its integral score of both groups were compared.The correlation of the increased pulse pressure level and changes of cerebrovascular hemodynamic accumulative scores were analyzed.Results The minimum velocity,mean velocity,and critical pressure in the increased pulse pressure group were significantly lower than those in the normal pulse pressure group (P<0.05),while the differences of the peripheral vascular resistance,characteristic impedance,pulse wave velocity,dynamic resistance,diastolic blood pressure,and critical pressure were significant higher than those in the normal pulse pressure group.There were significant differences (P<0.01).The integral values of cerebral hemodynamics in the increased pulse pressure group and the normal pulse pressure group were 76±22 and 88±19 respectively.There was significant difference (P<0.01).The proportion of the integral value <75 was 34.4% (203/590) and 15.6% respectively (174/1 115,P<0.01).With the increase of pulse pressure level,the integral value of cerebral hemodynamics showed a significant downward trend,there was a significant negative correlation between the two (r=-0.312,P<0.01).Conclusion The increased pulse pressure may result in the changes of cerebral hemodynamic indexes and its integral values.There is a significant negative correlation between the pulse pressure level and the integral value of cerebral hemodynamics.

Studies have shown that cerebral small vessel diseases can affect the mechanisms such as neural circuits,local cerebral blood flow changes,and neuroendocrine changes through brain damage,causing sleep disorders,and poststroke depression and brain atrophy caused by cerebral small vessel diseases may be associated with sleep disorders.In return,sleep disorders can damage the blood-brain barrier and cerebrovascular autoregulation function,and increase the risk of the occurrence of cerebrovascular disease.Both of them are interrehted,reciprocal causation,and commonly affect the prognosis and quality of life in patients.

Objective To obtain the comprehensive information of the normal peroneal nerve by high resolution ultrasonography.Methods The cross-sectional area was measured by observing the traveling law of peroneal nerve as well as its ultrasonographic features,choosing the polyline level of popliteal and the peroneal nerve around the fibular neck as measurement point.Results There was no significance on statistics in differences of the above-mentioned cross-sectional area.The overall mean of its peroneal nerve were (0.139 ± 0.043)cm2 and (0.114 ± 0.032)cm2 resectively; and its peroneal nerve among men seems a little bit wider than that among women,the old wider than the youth.It was positively correlated with height and weight(r =0.569,0.625,respectively,both P ＜0.05).Conclusions The high-resolution ultrasound can show the form and shape of the peroneal nerve,thus providing diagnostic criteria in quantity by measuring its normal cross-sectional area.

Objective To analyze the relationship among serum hepatitis B virus (HBV ) envelope large protein (HBV‐LP ) , HBV‐DNA and HBV marker(HBV‐M ) for investigating the clinical significance of HBV‐LP to reflect the HBV in vivo replication in the patients with HBV infection .Methods Total 540 cases of chronic HBV infection treated in the Longgang District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from April 2013 to September 2015 were selected .The real‐time fluorescence quantitative PCR meth‐od was used to detect serum HBV‐DNA ,HBV‐LP and HBV‐M were detected by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . The correlation among HBV‐LP ,HBV‐M and HBV‐DNA were analyzed .Results The positive rate of HBV‐LP in HBeAg‐positive patients was 96 .39% ,and which of HBV‐DNA was 93 .33% ,there was no statistically significant difference between them (P>0 .05);The serum HBV‐LP level was positively related with the logarithmic value of HBV‐DNA copies ;the positive rate of HBV‐LP in HBeAg‐negative patients was 63 .33% ,and which of HBV‐DNA was 51 .11% ,the difference between them was statistically significant(P<0 .05) .Conclusion HBV‐LP can effectively reflect the HBV in vivo replication in the patients with chronic hepatitis B and its sensitivity is higher than that of HBeAg ,HBV‐LP can even more reflect the HBV in vivo replication status in patients with HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B .

Objective To explore the relationship between reduction of regional cerebral blood flow in the normal appearing white matter (NAWM) and the extent of age-related white matter lesions (WML).Methods We used Fazekas scale to divide all participants into four groups (normal,mild,moderate,severe) according to the extent of the lesions showed on MRI.Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the area of WML and NAWM was measured by xenon contrast CT examination.Results A total of 56 cases were selected.The average rCBF (ml · 100 g-1 · min-1) in the lesions (WML) around ventricle,in right centrum ovale and in left centrum ovale respectively was 20.33 ± 2.52,21.27 ± 1.02,21.03 ± 1.83 for mild; 16.33 ±2.03,15.55 ±1.71,15.91 ±0.98 for moderate; 14.05 ±2.63,14.46 ±2.17,14.23 ± 1.95 for severe.The average rCBF (ml · 100 g-1 · min-1) in the NAWM around ventricle,in right centrum ovale and in left centrum ovale respectively was 20.79 ± 2.78,22.26 ± 1.9,22.15 ± 2.4 for normal; 21.12 ± 2.95,22.17 ± 1.50,22.25 ± 2.13 for mild,18.02 ± 2.41,19.45 ± 1.94,19.62 ± 1.54for moderate; 16.38 ± 3.22,18.18 ± 2.84,16.74 ± 2.97 for severe.The decrease of rCBF in the severe and moderate lesion areas was more serious than that in the mild lesion areas and reached statistic significance (P ＜ 0.05) ; The decrease of rCBF in the severe and moderate lesion areas was more serious than that in the area of NAWM in the same grade and reached statistic significance (P ＜ 0.05).The decrease of rCBF in the area of NAWM around severe and moderate lesion areas was more serious compared with that around mild lesion areas or normal areas (P ＜ 0.05) ; But the difference of rCBF in the area of NAWM around mild lesion areas and normal areas did not show any statistic significance.Conclusions Chronic ischemia was found to be existed not only in the lesions (WML) but also in the area of NAWM around the lesions,and was related to the extent of the lesions.Chronic ischemia may play a key role in the mechanism of aged-related WML.