Objective To evaluate the clinical value of bronchofiberscope and catheter intervention in treatment of multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis.Methods Thirty-five patients with multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis were treated by injecting drug gel,it was composed by rimifon and rifampin and aldinamide and capreomycin through bronchofiberscope and catheter in addition to chemotherapy,while thirty-five controls were treated by chemotherapy only.Results At the end of the treatment,the sputum bacterial conversion to negative rate was 88 5%,radiographic improvement rate was 82 9% and cavity closing rate was 31 4% in the treatment group,all of which were higher than in the controls(51 4%,45 7% and 11 4% respectively)(P

Objective To discuss the diagnosis and outcome of multilocular cystic renal cell car-cinoma. Methods The clinic data of 1 case of multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma were reviewed with its clinical manifestation, imaging, pathology and therapy in our hospital. The male patient aged 49 was incidentally found to have a right renal tumor. The CT scan showed a multiloeular cystic tumor in the low pole of the right kidney with a clear outline. The thin septa were found in the tumor, which were enhanced in the enhancement CT scan. The enhancement MRI showed the cystic wall was en-hanced. Results The patient received a partial nephrectomy as his treatment. The pathological char-acteristics were as following: the multilocular cystic tumor was about 3 cm×2 cm×2 cm with clear serosity in it. The cystic wall was smooth with the width of 0.1-0.2 cm. Most of the cystic cavities were covered by monostratified or stratified cubic clear cells, and some were covered by squamous epi-thelium or no epithelium at all. The septum was composed of collagen fiber, and clear cells were found in it. The clear cells form small collections but do not form expansile nodules. The final pathological diagnosis was multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma. The follow-up was 20 months, without local re-currence or distant metastasis was found. Conclusions Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma (MCRCC) is a rare variant of renal cell carcinoma with a good prognosis. MCRCC is an uncommon tumor of the kidney composed of multiple cysts with clear cells in the septa indistinguishable from grade I renal cell carcinoma. Most patients are asymptomatie and the tumors are discovered inciden-tally. The preoperative diagnosis of MCRCC immediately depends on imaging studies. Pathology is the key to diagnosis.

Objective To discuss the diagnosis and outcome of adult endodermal sinus tumor oftestis.Methods The clinic data of 6 cases of adult endodermal sinus tumor of testis were reviewed.The patients' average age was 28 years.Five patients complained of an asymptomatic scrotal mass and1 patient complained of the pain of cryptorchidism.All patients received radical orchiectomy as initialtreatment.Pathology results suggested 2 patients with stage Ⅰ disease,3 patients with stage Ⅱ diseaseand 1 patient with stage Ⅲ disease.All were treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy following rad ical orchiectomy.Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection(RPLND)was performed in Ⅰ case with stageⅡ disease.Results Six cases of adult endodermal sinus tumor of testis were confirmed by patholo gy.Five patients were followed up for 1.5 year to 8 years,no local recurrence and distant metastasiswere found.Conclusions Adult endodermal sinus tumor is a rare neoplasm of the germinal cell line.Pathological examination is the key to diagnosis.Postoperative combination chemotherapy and radio therapy are the most common means of this disease.

Pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma is a rare exocrine pancreatic cancer,and surgical treatment is the only promising method in survival time extension and life quality enhancement.In July 2013,1 patient with pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma and sarcomatoid change was admitted to the Shaoxing People's Hospital.A cauda pancreatis cystic nidus was detected by computed tomography 1 year ago,and no any other clinical symptoms were detected.The left upper quadrant of the patient was glutted and unwell,and the levels of CA19-9 and CA125 were 3 630 kU/L and 645 kU/L,respectively.The results of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed that a huge cystic and solid tumor was located between the cauda pancreatis,the stomach and the spleen;the tumor was mainly cystic and rooted in the tail of the pancreas;the spleen,stomach and surrounding tissues were infiltrated by the tumor.The results of postoperative pathological examination showed that the tumor was pancreatic adenocarcinoma with squamous epithelial differentiation and sarcomatoid change;the invasive squamous carcinoma dominated stomach wall,and the sarcomatoid change dominated spleen and lymph nodes with partial squamous epithelial differentiation and surrounding lymph nodes metastases.Although the surgical resection was complete and the postoperative thymosin injection and traditional Chinese medicine were implemented,tumor recurred at postoperative month 5,and the patient was dead due to cachexia and pernicious anemia at postoperative month 8.The prognosis of patients with pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma is poor,early detection and surgery are key points for curative effect enhancement.

Objective To compare the diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) versus intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) for suspected common bile duct stones (CBDS).Methods 324 patients with suspected CBDS who were admitted to the Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery Department of Shaoxing People's Hospital between June 2010 and June 2014 were retrospectively studied.Either EUS or IOC was used and the diagnostic value of these two imaging modalities was compared.Results The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of IOC in diagnosing suspected CBDS were 90.6％, 98.4％, 9.5％ and 97.7％ respectively.Its consistency rate was 96.9％.The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of EUS in diagnosing suspected CBDS were 97.1％, 100％, 100％ and 99.1％ respectively.Its consistency rate was 99.3％.Conclusions In diagnosing suspected CBDS, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of EUS were significantly higher than IOC.When compared with IOC, EUS was more sensitive to detect occult CBDS and avoided unnecessary ERCP or bile duct exploration.Patients with negative EUS were less likely to have retained CBDS.

Objective To analyze the characteristic of auditory brainstem responses (ABR) evoked by chirp in normal hearing subjects .Methods Fifteen cases (30 ears) with normal hearing young people were recorded ABR by stimulation with two kinds of sounds :chirp and click .The data were compared .Results The response threshold of chirp-ABR were lower than that of click -ABR .The average difference was 8 .59 dB .At 90 dB nHL ,the wave V amplitude yield no significant difference between chirp -ABR and click-ABR .The wave V amplitude had a signifi-cant difference between chirp -ABR and click-ABR at 60 dB nHL .At 90 and 60 dB nHL ,the wave V amplitude of chirp-ABR had not a significant difference .The occurence rate was 40% for the wave I of chirp -ABR ,obvi-ously less than that of click -ABR .At 90 dB nHL ,the wave V latency of chirp -ABR was shorter than that of click-ABR .Conclusion The wave V response threshold of chirp -ABR is less than that of the click -ABR .The chirp-ABR is more advantageous than the click -ABR for assessing hearing threshold .

AIM To investigate the effects of trifluoperazine on naloxone precipitated withdrawal symptoms in morphine dependent rats and mice, and its pharmacological mechanisms. METHODS\ Naloxone precipitated tests in morphine dependent rats and mice were used. RESULTS\ Trifluoperazine(2～20 mg?kg -1 ) dose dependently inhibited naloxone precipitated withdrawal jumping, wet dog shakes, paw tremor and weight loss in morphine dependent mice. With ip trifluoperazine (5～20 mg?kg -1 ), most of positive withdrawal symptoms, including jumping, wet dog shakes, defeacation, weight loss, teeth chattering, salivation, diarrhea, ptosis and irritating, induced by naloxone in morphine dependent rats were significantly reduced. Apomorphine (2～8 mg?kg -1 ), a mixed DA 1/DA 2 receptor agonist, did not affect inhibition of trifluoperazine on naloxone precipitated withdrawal symptoms in morphine dependent mice. However, nifedipine(5～20 mg?kg -1 ), a L type voltage sensitive calcium channel blocker, enhanced a pharmacological action of trifluoperazine against naloxone precipitated symptoms in morphine dependent mice. CONCLUSION\ Trifluoperazine attenuates naloxone precipitated withdrawal symptoms in morphine dependent rats and mice by inhibiting the activity of post receptor calmodulin, but it does not antagonizes DA 2 receptor, in central nervous system.

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of dosage-escalated sorafenib in pa-tients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Methods Twelve male patients and 4 female patients with median age of 53 (37-71 years) were included in this study. They were with refractory meta-static renal-clear-cell carcinoma and received sorafenib from 800 mg/d to 1200mg/d or 1800 mg/d gradually until intolerable or disease progression occurred. Overall response rate, toxicity and progres-sion free survival (PFS) were recorded and analyzed. Results The median follow-up was 11 months (9-16 months). The overall rate of objective response and disease control rate were 44%(7/16)and 81%(13/16), respectively. Serious adverse effects (≥Grade Ⅲ) included hand-foot skin reaction (25%, 4/16), mucositis (19%, 3/16), diarrhea (19%, 3/16), hypertension (12%, 2/16) and my-elosuppression (12%, 2/16). PFS for high risk patient was 9.2 months at the end of this study. Conclusions The dosage-escalated sorafenib could obtain a high response rate and prolong PFS of high-risk patients. The toxicities are tolerable for metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients treated with sorafenib.

Possessing ideological qualities is a gradual process. We should establish a multiplex, synthetical and entire assessment system for the ideological and political theory course exams in medical colleges. The innovation of exam mode can promote the diversification of teaching style.

Objective To investigate the feasibility and technique in laparoscopic cholecystectomy and exploration of common bile duct (CBD) in patients who have previous subtotal gastrectomy.Methods From January 2001 to October 2010,22 patients who had a history of subtotal gastrectomy received laparoscopic cholecystectomy and CBD exploration in our hospital.In addition,these patients received cholangioscopic lithotomy,electrohydraulic lithotripsy,T-tube drainage,or primary suturing of the CBD wound.Results The procedures were completed successfully in 18 patients.In 4 patients,conversion to laparotomy was necessary because of multiple stones in a stenosed CBD (n=1),severely congested CBD wall with edema (n=1),CBD carcinoma associated with impacted stones (n=1) or Mirzzi syndrome (n =1).T tube drainage was employed in 16 patients,and primary suturing in 2 patients at the end of the operation.There was no hemorrhage,biliary leakage or abdominal infection.At a mean follow-up of 13 (range 3 to 60) months there was no residual stone,biliary stenosis or cholangitis.In 3 patients Stone recurred,and another 3 patients were lost to follow-up.Conclusions A history of subtotal gastrectomy is not a contradiction to laparoscopic cholecystectomy and CBD exploration.With choledocoscopy,surgery can be safe and feasible even for patients with previous gastectomy.