Objectives To investigate the effect and mechanism of terbutaline sulfate on pulmonary fluid transport in pre-mature rats. Methods Pregnant rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (control group, premature group, low-dose terbutaline group, high-dose terbutaline group and dexamethasone group). Drugs were administered by gavage after rats were fertilized for 16 days and continued for 3 days. Premature rats were taken out from the 19 days pregnant rats, and mature rats were delivered on the due day. Lungs were collected, and the ratio of pulmonary wet weight to dry weight (W/D), Na+, K+-ATP ase activity and concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) were measured in lungs. Results The W/D rate, Na+,K+-ATPase acti-vity and cAMP concentration in lungs had significant difference among different groups (P<0.01). The W/D rate was highest in premature group and lowest in the control group. It was lower in the high-dose terbutaline group than in the low-dose terbutaline group and the dexamethasone group (P<0.05). The Na+,K+-ATPase activity was lowest in premature group and highest in high-dose terbutaline group. It was higher in dexamethasone group, low-dose terbutaline group, and high-dose terbutaline group than in premature group, and it was higher in high-dsoe terbutaline group than in low-dose terbutaline group and dexamethasone group (P<0.05). The cAMP levle was lowest in premature group and highest in high-dose terbutaline group. It was higher in dexamethasone group, low-dose terbutaline group, high-dose terbutaline group than in premature group, and it was higher in high-dose terbutaline group than in low-dose terbutaline group and dexamethasone group (P<0.05). Conclusions Terbutaline sulfate facilitates lung fluid transport in premature rats, leading to reduce the W/D rate in terbutaline-treated group. We speculate that this effect is related to the increased cAMP level and Na+, K+-ATPase activity in lung tissue.

Objective To study the effects of pirfenidone on total enzyme and isoenzyme of liver microsomal cytochrome P450 in rats. Methods The activites of liver microsomal dimethyl nitrosamine N-demethylase( NDMA )and erythromycin demethylase( ERD ) were determined. Fifty-six SD rats were randomly divided into six groups,in which they received CMC,dexamethasone 100 mg·kg-1 ,ketoconazole 40 mg·kg-1 ,pirfenidone 25,50,100 mg·kg-1 ,respectively. After administration for 6 and 12 days,livers were prepared liver microsome,the concentration of proteinum in microsome and shade selection to plasma samples were determined by spectrophotometer. Results After administration of pirfenidone for 6 days, cytochrome P450 was significantly increased in 50 and 100 mg·kg-1 pirfenidone groups,as compared with solvent control group (1%sodium carboxymethylcellulose)(P﹤0. 01). After administration of pirfenidone for 6 and 12 days,NDMA of liver microsome was not changed significantly(P﹥0. 05). ERD of liver microsome was significantly increased in 100 mg·kg-1 pirfenidone group after administration for 12 days(P﹤0. 01). Conclusion Pirfenidone can induce P450 and ERD activities in a dose-and time-dependent manner.

Background Inflammation is one of the most popular aspects in the studies of diabetic retinopathy (DR) mechanisms.Researches showed that S100A8/A9 participate in the inflammatory procedure of many diseases,however,the relationship between S100A8/A9 complex and retinal inflammation of DR needs to be researched.Objective This study was to detect the serum S100A8/A9 level of diabetes mellitus (DM) and DR patients,and explore its role in DM an DR development.Methods A cases-controlled study was carried out.The DR patients,type 2 DM patients without retinal change and heathy controls were enrolled in Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital from January to June 2014,and 30 patients for each group.The DR patients were subgrouped to non-proliferative DR (NPDR) group and proliferative DR (PDR) group.The periphery blood was collected to isolate the serum,and serum S100A8/A9 complex level was detected by ELISA.Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and glycosylated hemoglobin A1C (HbAlc) level was assayed by immunity turbidimetry and immune agglutination respectively.Results Serum S100A8/A9 complex levels in the DR group,DM group and normal control group were (9.74±0.59),(11.41 ±0.64) and (6.46 ±0.62) μg/L,respectively,and the serum S100A8/A9 complex level in the DM group and DR group was significantly higher than that in the normal control group,and the serum S100A8/A9 complex level in the DM group raised in compared with the DR group (all at P＜0.01).Serum hsCRP levels in the DR group,DM group and normal control group were (1.40±0.34),(1.27±0.13) and (1.11 ± 0.12)mg/L,respectively,with the highest value in the DR group and the lowest value in the normal control group (all at P=0.00).The serum HbAlc levels were higher in the DR group and DM group than those in the normal control group (both at P =0.00),while no significant difference was found in the serum HbAlc level between DR group and DM group (P =0.12).There was no significant differece in the serum S100A8/A9,hsCRP and HbAlc levels between NPDR group and PDR group (t=-0.10,P =0.92;t =-0.17,P =0.87;t =0.66,P =0.51).A weak positive correlation was seen between serum S100A8/A9 level and serum hsCRP level (r =0.36,P =0.00).Conclusions As an inflammatory marker,S100A8/A9 complex might play an important role in the pathogenesis and development of DR.Intensive control of glycemia can alleviate retinal inflammation in DM patients.

Objective To study the effect of renal p53 protein expression on kidney development in rats with intrauterine growth restriction ( IUGR) . Methods Pregnant rats were randomly assigned into normal group, IUGR group and L-Arg treated group. Normal group were fed with normal diet (21％protein). IUGR group and L-Arg treated group were fed with low-protein diet (10％ protein). During lactation, maternal rats in the three groups were all fed with normal diet. Maternal rats in L-Arg treated group were given additional special drinking water ( L-Arg:200 mg/kg) , while maternal rats in normal and IUGR group were given normal drinking water. Offspring weaned after 21 d and had free access to normal rodent diet and water. When the pups grew up to 2 m, the number of glomeruli was counted using acid digestion method, the proliferation and apoptosis of glomerular and tubular cells were studied using TUNEL and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry, and the ultrastructure of epithelial cells was determined by electron microscopy. At 7 d, 21 d, 2 m and 3 m, p53 protein expression in renal tissue was measured by Western blot, respectively. Results At 2 m, the number of glomerulus ( right kidney) in IUGR group was significantly lower than normal group [(23 647±541) vs. (27 689±492), P＜0. 01]; the index of renal cell apoptosis in IUGR group was higher than normal group [(21. 9 ± 2. 0) vs. (16. 7 ± 2. 5), P＜0. 05];however, IUGR group and normal group had no statistically significant difference (P＞0. 05). The proliferation of mesangial cells was found in IUGR and L-Arg treated group, but not in normal group. And the extent of proliferation in L-Arg treated group was lesser than IUGR group. A reduction of foot process and partial fusion of foot process could be observed in IUGR group and L-Arg treated group while the foot process morphology in normal group was normal. At 2 m and 3 m, p53 protein level in IUGR group and L-Arg treated group were higher than normal group [ 2 m: ( 0. 28 ± 0. 03 ) and ( 0. 21 ± 0. 01 ) vs. (0. 10±0. 02);3 m:(0. 39±0. 04) and (0. 26±0. 02) vs. (0. 17±0. 03);P＜0. 01], while IUGR group higher than L-Arg treated group ( P＜0. 05 ) . Conclusions The kidney of IUGR rats showed reduced glomerular number, increased renal cell apoptosis, enhanced p53 protein expression, increased proliferation of glomerular mesangial cells, decreased foot process, and partial fusion of foot process. And L-Arg could to some extent improve the organizational structure of the kidney in IUGR rats.

Objective To investigate the effect of p53-gene expression on renal function in rat with low birth weight ( LBW) .Methods Fifteen pregnant rats were randomly assigned into normal group, LBW group, and L-arginine ( L-Arg)-treated group.For normal group, pregnant rats were fed with 21% protein diet during pregnancy.For LBW and L-Arg treated groups, rats were fed with 10%protein diet.After de-livery, all rats were fed with 21%protein diet.For L-Arg-treated group, rats were given a supplementation with L-Arg (200 mg/kg) drinking water during 21 d lactation, other rats were given running water.At the age of 2m, the ultrastructural change in mesangial cell and podocyte was observed with electron microscope. At the age of 7 d, 21 d, 2 m, and 3 m old, the p53 mRNA expression in renal tissues was observed with re-verse transcription polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR) , blood and urine were collected to detect biochem-ical indicators of renal function and 24 h-urine protein.Results ⑴At the age of 3 m,the blood urea nitro-gen ( BUN) and urine cretinine ( UCr) in normal group were significantly lower than those in LBW group ( P <0.01).Compared to normal group, the Ucr of LBW group was significantly lower at the age of 2 m ( P<0.05).At the age of 3 m,the Ucr of L-Arg treated group and LBW group was significantly lower ( P <0.05), the level of 24 h-Urine protein was notably increased in LBW group and L-Arg treated group than that in normal group ( P <0.01, P <0.05) .⑵At the age of 3 m,the expression of p53 mRNA in LBW group was higher obviously than that in normal group.There is a significantly negative correlation between the expression of p53 mRNA and the level of Ucr in LBW group ( r =-0.91, P <0.05).⑶ There were mesangial cell proliferation with matrix increase, filtration membrane podocyte reduction, and partially dis-solved in LBW group, the mesangial cell proliferation of L-Arg treated group was decreased compared to that in LBW group.Conclusions The higher expression of p53 gene in LBW group might be one of reasons for the decreased renal function in LBW rats.

Background and purpose:In the process of gastric cancer development, cytothesis and apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) are very important pathological processes. Glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and phosphorylated form of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (pERK) play important roles in it. This study aimed to investigate the expression of GRP78 and pERK in gastric adenocarcinoma, chronic atrophic gastritis and superficial gastritis, and the role of GRP78 and pERK in the development of gastric adenocarcinoma. Methods:Gastric adenocarcinoma, chronic atrophic gastritis and superifcial gastritis tissues in 60 cases respectively were employed in the study. We chose 25 fresh tissue samples from each group, and the level of GRP78 and pERK mRNA in different tissues were detected by RT-PCR assay. The expressions of GRP78 and pERK in different parafifn samples were detected using immunohistochemistry assay. In addition, the relationships between GRP78 and pERK expression and age, gender, differentiation, invasion, disease stage, and lymphoid node metastasis were analyzed. Results: The expression level of GRP78 and pERK mRNA in gastric adenocarcinoma(1.26±0.18, 2.35±0.36) were significantly higher than chronic atrophic gastritis (0.89±0.25, 1.18±0.25) and superficial gastritis (0.29±0.09, 0.68±0.10, P<0.01). The positive ratio of GRP78 expression in gastric adenocarcinoma, chronic atrophic gastritis and superficial gastritis were 78.3%, 46.6%, 6.7%. The positive ratios of pERK expression were 88.3%, 43.3%, 5.0%, respectively. The GRP78 and pERK expression in different tissues were signiifcantly different (P<0.01). GRP78 and pERK expression were positively correlated with differentiation, disease stage and lymph node metastasis. There was a positive correlation between the gene and protein expression of GRP78 and pERK with a Pearson correlation value of 0.307 and 0.368, respectively. Both univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that GRP78 was related to the prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma. Conclusion:GRP78 and pERK may play an important role in the transition of normal gastric cells to malignant cells. The expression of these two genes enhances tumor progression. Overexpression of GRP78 and pERK is significantly correlated with poor prognosis in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. The determination of the expression of GRP78 and pERK might be helpful for the prevention, early diagnosis of gastric carcinoma. Particularly, GRP78 is valuable for the judgement of prognosis, and might be a new target for the treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma.

Objective To explore the effect of early application of pediauic amino acids on extrauterine growth and development of preterm and small for gestational age infants.Methods A total of 106preterm and small for gestational age infants was selected in our NICU from June 2011 to May 2013,and randomly divided into two groups:treatment group (group T) and control group (group C).Next,each group was divided into two subgroups according to gestational age and birth weight.Such as ≥34W group (group T1,group C1),＜ 34W group (group T2,group C2),＜ 1.5 kg group (group T3,group C3) and ≥ 1.5 kg group (group T4,group C4).They were observed the effect of extrauterine growth and correlative serum biochemical indicators with application of pediatric amino acid in postnatal 6 hours and 12 hours.Resuits After 2-week treatment,the head circumference and weight growth of group T were higher than that of group C (P ＜ 0.05,or P ＜ 0.01),and the time of birth weight recovery was significantly shortened(P ＜ 0.05,or P ＜ 0.01).The incidence rate of extrauterine growth retardation(EUGR) in the group T was lower than that in group C,there is significantly statistical differences(P ＜ 0.01).The concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in group T was obviously increased than that in the group C(P ＜0.01).The levels of ALT,aspartate aminotransferase (AST),total bilirubin (TBIL),cholesterol (CH) and triglycerides (TG) were not different between the group T and group C.The comparison of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were statistically significant between group C4 and group T4.In the different gestational age groups,the concentration of BUN in group T was obviously higher than that in the group C after 2-week treatment(P ＜0.05),the levels of AST,TBIL,CH and TG were not different between the group T and group C (P ＞ 0.05).The incidence rate of EUGR in the 4th group C was increased significantly than that in the 4th group T(P ＜0.05).Conclusions The preterm and small for gestational age infants were safe after the pediatric amino acid was used at the 6 h after birth.Amino acid can promote growth of head circumference and weight,shorten the birth weight recovery time and reduce the incidence of EUGR.

Objective To compare different Nrf2 expressions in glioblastoma cell lines and glioma stem cells (GSCs) from xenografts and to study the concentration of Nrf2 in nuclear. Methods GSCs were analyzed by immunofluorescence and different expressions of Nrf2 in glioblastoma cell lines and GSCs from xenografts were detected with real-time RCR and Western. Results GSCs were successfully isolated from xenografts of U251 and U87 cell lines. The percentage of tumor stem cells in total cells was 1.24%, and that was 1.63% in xenografts. Immunofluorescence indicated that Nrf2 was overexpressed in GSCs as compared with that in glioblastoma cell lines. Conclusion Nrf2 may be a potential biomarker and rational therapeutic target for GSCs.

Objective To study the proliferation inhibition effect by silencing PLCε gene expression with RNA interference in BIU-87 cells. Methods The specific short hairpin RNA recombinant plasmids were constructed by gene clone technology.The expression level of PLCε protein and mRNA were detected by Western blot and RT-PCR respectively after transfected recombinant plasmids into BIU-87 cells.The influence on proliferation was check by MTT.The changes of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)were analyzed by immunocytochemical method,and the distribution of cell cycle was analyzed using flow cytometry. Results After transfected with the specific recombinant plasmids,PCNA expression was decreased 33.08%,and the analysis of cell cycle indicated that cells of G0/G1 phase were increased comparision with(40.75±2.30)%and(40.00±1.76)0A,and its G2/M phase cells(8.16±0.51)%were decreased strikingly compared with group control(31.20±1.76)%and group NP(35.94±1.58)%.Cells were blocked at G0/G1 phase,the cell proliferation was inhibited obviously. Conclusion PLCε may play an important role in proliferation of bladder cancer cells,which could be a potential target of biological treatment on bladder cancer in the future.

Objective To explore the incidence of tibial plateau fracture with ligament injuries and the early diagnosis and management of the condition. Methods Fifty seven cases of tibial plateau fractures which had been treated operatively from Jan. 2001 to Jun.2003 and had satisfactory reduction of the articular surface were reviewed. The stability of their knee joints was analyzed. Results The follow up lasted 6 to 30 months with an average of 15 months. The incidence of knee unstability was low. The four potential reasons for the postoperative knee stability were found to be: 1) the low prevalence of ligament injury with displaced fractures of tibial plateau; 2) incomplete ligament disruption or mild ligament injury; 3) anatomic reduction and rigid internal fixation; 4) fine and detailed plan for immobilization and functional exercise. Conclusion The prevalence of complete ligament disruption is low, and nonoperative management can result in satisfactory outcomes for tibial plateau fracture with incomplete ligament injury.