AIM: To investigate pharmacokinetics of salvia miltiorrhiza injection in rats. METHODS: A dose of salvia miltiorrhiza injection (standardized as Dhpl 40 mg?kg -1 , iv) was given in rats and plasma Dhpl concentrations were determined by a HPLC method. The 3p87 software was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters of Dhpl. RESULTS: The main parameters were as follows: T 1/2? = 0.29 ? 0.23 h, T 1/2? = 1.75 ? 0.99 h, V d= 0.83 ? 0.70 L?kg -1 , Cl= 0.33 ? 0.16 L?h -1 ?kg -1 , and AUC (0-inf) =149?66 mg?h?L -1 . CONCLUSION: Data of the blood concentration time of salvia miltiorrhiza injection can be fitted to a two compartment open model.

Gefitinib and erlotinib play important roles, which as the representative of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).However, preclinical and clinical studies find that many patients exist primary or acquired drug resistance to this drug, which limits the use of molecular targeted therapy drugs.At present, there are many studies focus on delaying or reversing drug resistance and developing new targets, which provide more potential for the molecular targeted therapy of NSCIC.

Objective:To explore changes of electrocardiogram (ECG)and cardiac markers,and its relationship with prognosis in aged patients with acute cerebral infarction.Methods:The data of 356 aged patients with acute cerebral infarction (acute cerebral infarction group),who hospitalized in our hospital from May 2007 to May 2012,and 258 non-cerebral infarction patients (normal control group)were retrospectively analyzed.Changes of ECG and cardiac markers were compared between two groups,and patients with cerebral infarction received a six-month follow-up. Results:Compared with normal control group,there were significant rise in percentage of abnormal ECG (22.9%vs.73.3%,χ2=150.53,P=0.00),levels of cardiac troponin I [cTnI,(0.02±0.003)μg/L vs.(0.07±0.002)μg/L],creatinine kinase isoenzyme [(9.1±5.6)U/L vs.(24.2±4.1)U/L]and creatinine kinase [(98±9.8)U/L vs.(202.7±10.2)U/L]in acute cerebral infarction group,P<0.05 all;the older these patients were,the high-er abnormal ECG rate was (60~75 years vs.>75 years:37.0% vs.83.8%,χ2=80.54,P=0.00);After six-month follow up,compared with normal group,there was significant increase in mortality rate (19.5% vs.86.8%,χ2=95.09,P=0.00)in acute cerebral infarction group.Conclusion:Incidence rate of abnormal ECG and cardiac marker level are higher in aged patients with acute cerebral infarction.It possesses important significance for judging patient′s condition,guiding treatment and evaluating prognosis.

Objective To observe the relationship between cerebral border zone infarction and cerebral artery stenosis or occlusion.Methods 45 patients admitted to our hospital in 2002 were studied retrospectively.They were diagnosied as acute cerebral border zone infarction and classified into anterior border infartion,posterior border infartion and internal border infartion by diffusion weighted MR imaging(DWI). The stenosis or occlusion of cerebral arteries was evaluated by magnetic resonance angiography(MRA) or transcranial doppler(TCD) examinations.Results Cerebral artery stenosis or occlusion was founded in 32 patients(71.1%).The lesions were most located in middle cerebral artery(47.6%),next in internal carotid artery(31%), relatively seldom in anterior cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery(11.9%). No difference of artery abnormity was found between the patients with single border infarction and the patients with mutiple border infarction.But middle cerebral artery stenosis was more frequently seen in the patients with internal border infartion( P

Objectve The purpose of the study was to evaluate the surgical treatment method and outcomes of capitellar fractures. Methods From December 2004 to December 2006, sixteen patients with a capitellar fracture were included in the study. There were eight males and eight females. According to Bryan and Morrey classification, there were eight type Ⅰ fractures, one type Ⅲ fracture and seven type Ⅳ fractures. In three of type Ⅳ, a separate trochlear fracture fragment with impaction was seen. Distal lateral column posteroinferior metaphyseal comminutiou and/or impaction was observed in association with three fractures including two type Ⅳ fractures and one type Ⅲ fracture. One Mason type Ⅰ radial head fracture occurred in association with an ipsilateral type Ⅳ capiteilum fracture. The patients ranged from sixteen to sixty-five years old, with an average age of 44.9 years. An extensile lateral exposure and articular fixation with cannu-lated compression screws were performed within five days of injury. Clinical, radiographic, and functional el-bow index rating scale of Broberg-Money were evaluated retrospectively. Results The follow-up time ranged from 24 to 36 months,with the mean of 29 months. All fractures healed at an average of 7.9 (range, 6 to 11) weeks without radiographic evidence of osteonecrosis of the fracture fragment. Average arc of motion was 125.8°±16.8° in flexion-extension and 163.1°±10.62° in pronation-supination. The mean Broberg-Mor-rey was 92.0 points, with eight excellent results, seven good results, and one poor result. There were one pa-tient with a minimum of grade 1 radio-capitellar arthrosis.Fifteen of the sixteen adults were able to continue their former professional activities. The patient had persistent postoperative stiffness with a flexion contrac-ture at the last postoperative visit. Conclusion Prompt treatment with anatomic reduction and internal fixa-tion with lag screws followed by early rehabilitation can lead to functional arc and satisfactory outcome.

Objective To examine and evaluate the ability of spontaneous regeneration following various extent of incomplete injury in adult rats. Methods The quantities and reduplicated various extent incomplete injured model of adult rats optic nerve was established using different wounding time with constant wounding force produced by across action forceps at 2mm behind eyeball. GAP-43 (growth associated protein-43) and its mRNA expressions were detected with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). All data were analyzed by ANOVA. Results GAP-43 and its mRNA expression levels revealed that there was negative response at the distal area contrast to the strong positive response at the proximal in earlier period after injury until half mouth. One mouth later, the increased GAP-43 and its mRNA expression levels became more and more high and reached the climax at second month post injury. Then it decreased gradually. The result of RT-PCR showed there are significant difference among the various extent incomplete injured models and different time after injury. Conclusion Spontaneous regeneration of adult rat’s optic nerve can be detected and identified following incomplete injury, and the extent of regenerating ability is correlated with the extent of injury.

Due to lack of the practical technique to measure the biomechanical properties of the ocular cornea in vivo, clinical ophthalmologists have some difficulties in understanding the deformation mechanism of the cornea under the action of physiological intraocular pressures. Using Young's theory analysis of the corneal deformation during applanation tonometry, the relation between the elasticity moduli of the cornea and the applanated corneal area and the measured and true intraocular pressures can be obtained. A new applanation technique has been developed for measuring the biomechanical properties of the ocular cornea tissue in vivo, which can simultaneously acquire the data of the applanation area and displacement of the corneal deformation as well as the exerted applanation force on the cornea. Experimental results on a rabbit's eyeball demonstrated that the present technique could be used to measure the elasticity moduli and creep properties of the ocular cornea nondestructively in vivo.
Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Cornea ; Elastic Modulus ; Intraocular Pressure ; Muscles ; Rabbits ; Tonometry, Ocular

AIM: To investigate the effects and quantitative relations of co-administering probenecid OF different dosages on pharmacokinetics of cefaclor in rabbits and approach the possible mechanisms involved as well. METHODS: Monitor plasma and urine cefaclor concentrations. 24 male rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups by Cefaclor 50 mg·kg-1,Cefaclor50 mg·kg-1+Probenecid 100 mg·kg-1,Cefaclor 50 mg·kg-1+Probenecid 250 mg·kg-1 and Cefaclor 50 mg·kg-1+Probenecid 625 mg·kg-1.Blood and urine samples were collected according to the regular time schedule after intragastric administration. The concentration of cefaclor in blood and urine were determined by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by DAS (Drug and Statistical) software. Measur plasma protein-binding rate of cefaclor. The experimental groups and drug dosage were same as described above. The blood sample was drawn at 1 hour after administration,and the protein-binding rate of cefaclor was determined by equilibrium dialysis. RESULTS: Within the dosages of probenecid ranged from 0-250 mg·kg-1,T1/2ka,Tmax,Cmax and AUC of cefaclor increased in accordance with increasing dosage of co-administering probenecid while CL/F and Vd/F were decreased(P＜0.01); However,when the dosage of co-administering probenecid was 625 mg·kg-1,Cmax of cefaclor strikingly decreased(P＜0.01),while AUC and CL/F maintained at the levels of those with probenecid250 mg·kg-1.In this experiment, urinary excretive peak time of cefaclor in its prototype pos tponed gradually,biological half life prolonged and urinary excretive accumulation percentage decreased obviously(P＜0.01).To the dosages of probenecid ranging from 0-250 mg·kg-1,protein-binding rate of cefaclor decreased notably(P＜0.01)going with increasing dosages of co-administration probenecid; While the dosage of co-administration probenecid reached 625 mg·kg-1,the protein-binding rate of cefaclor corresponded to that of cefaclor 50 mg·kg-1 without probenecid (P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Co-administering probenecid can strikingly change pharmacokinetics of cefaclor and the influential degree of pharmacokinetics parameters is dependent on dosages of probenecid used in the experiment. Biological half life prolongs and urinary excretive accumulation percentage of cefaclor decreases obviously.

Objective To investigate the effect of Shufeng Xuanfei and Jiebiao Qingli concoctions on Toll-like receptor (TLR) signal pathway of pneumonia infected with influenza virus in mice.Methods The pneumonia model was reproduced by nasal dropping of influenza virus A in mice.The mice were randomly divided into nine groups:normal group (C),model group (M),tamiflu group (D),Shufeng Xuanfei low-dose (SL),medium-dose (SM) and high-dose (SH) groups,Jiebiao Qingli low-dose (JL),medium-dose (JM) and high-dose (JH) groups,each n =12.Two hours after model-reproduction,the mice in C group and M group received distilled water by gavage.The mice in D group received 2.5 g· mL-1· d-1 oseltamivirphosphate.Shufeng Xuanfei formula in doses of 3.76,1.88,0.94 g· kg1 · d-1 were respectively administered to SH,SM and SL groups by gavage,Jiebiao Qingli formula in doses of 4.37,2.18,1.09 g ·kg-1 ·d-1 was given to JH,JM and JL groups by gavage,respectively.Each group was in equal dose of 0.2 mL daily over a 4-day period.Total RNA was extracted in each group.Then gene chips were used to screen these RNA samples.Some genes that were involved in TLR signal pathways were selected.These candidate genes were verified by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results TLR7,MYD88,CCLS,IFNB1,IL6,IL12a,NFKBIA and IKBKB were up-regulated in model group compared with control group.Compared with model group,down-regulated genes in medium-dose,low-dose Shufeng Xuanfei formula and medium-dose Jiebiao Qingli formula included TLR3,TLR7,MYD88,CCL5,IFNB1,IL6,IL12a,NFKBIA and IKBKB (log2 signal intensity of SM,/M in medium-dose Shufeng Xuanfei formula group were-1.24,-2.02,-1.36,-1.95,-0.63,-1.33,-3.50,-1.33,-1.33,log2 signal intensity of SI/M in low-dose Shufeng Xuanfei group were-1.07,-2.43,-2.63,-2.30,-5.09,-3.19,-3.53,-1.95,-1.95,log2 signal intensity of JM/M in medium-dose Jiebiao Qingli formula group were -1.78,-0.55,-1.35,-1.47,-1.65,-2.03,-3.02,-1.57,-1.57,respectively).The results suggested that the effect of Shufeng Xuanfei formula was better than that of Jiebiao Qingli formula.By RT-PCR,compared with model group,low-dose,medium-dose and high-dose groups of Shufeng Xuanfei formula,medium-dose and high-dose groups of Jiebiao Qingli formula,and tamiflu group,significant decrease in TLR7,nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB),myeloid differential protein-88 (MyD88) mRNA expression were found.Medium-dose and low-dose Shufeng Xuanfei formula group (TLR7 mRNA:3.6 ±0.3,3.5 ± 1.2 vs.7.4 ± 1.6,NF-κB mRNA:1.1 ±0.2,1.0 ±0.2 vs.2.2 ±0.4; MyD88mRNA:1.4 ± 0.4,1.0 ± 0.3 vs.3.4 ± 0.9,all P＜0.01) and medium-dose Jiebiao Qingli formula group (TLR7 mRNA:4.9 ± 0.3 vs.7.4 ± 1.6,NF-κB aRNA:1.3 ± 0.7 vs.2.2 ± 0.4,MyD88 mRNA:1.6 ± 0.8 vs.3.4 ± 0.9,P＜0.05 or P＜ 0.01) were shown statistically significant decreases compared with the model group.Conclusions Medium-dose and low-dose Shufeng Xuanfei formula and medium-dose Jiebiao Qingli formula can inhibit the inflammatory reaction induced by influenza virus by down-regulating the NF-κB through TLR signal pathways dependent on MyD88.The regulation of Shufeng Xuanfci formula in TLR signal pathways was superior to that of Jiebiao Qingh formula.

Objective To detect the expression of stem-cell related factors Nanog and CD44 in spheroid body-form?ing cells of gastric cancer cell line MKN-45. Methods The gastric cancer cell line MKN-45 was used to culture spheroid bodies in non-adherent condition in a serum-free medium supplemented with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibro?blast growth factor (bFGF). Using Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence staining and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR), the expression levels of stem cell-related genes Nanog and CD44 were studied. Results In this study, we observed that MKN45 cells formed spheroid bodies in non-adherent condition in a serum-free medium, and the levels of Nanog and CD44 mRNA expression in spheroid body-forming cells were 2.34 ± 0.22 and 1.18 ± 0.04,respectively, which were higher than those in parental cells (1.00±0.00 and 1.00±0.05). The levels of Nanog and CD44 protein expression in spheroid body-forming cells were 0.18±0.02 and 0.24±0.04, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in pa?rental cells (0.07±0.02 and 0.18±0.01, P<0.05). Nanog protein was positively stained within the perinuclear and cytoplasm of the spheroid body-forming cells, and CD44 was positively stained mainly in the membrane. Dual staining of Nanog/CD44 indicated that the embryonal protein Nanog was co-localized with CD44 in the spheroid body-forming cells. Conclusion Spheroid body-forming cells developed from human gastric cancer cell line MKN-45 in serum-free medium supplemented with EGF and bFGF show characteristics of cancer stem cell (CSC). The cells co-expressed of CD44 and Nanog maybe a phe?notype of gastric CSCs.