Objective To investigate the requirement of water in Hemsleya zhejiangensis during the culture process. Methods The chlorophyll content, the gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameter in H. zhejiangensis were measured after treatment with drought stress for different time. Results With decreasing of relative soil water content, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in H. zhejiangensis was increased before the 15 d and than was decreased. The stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (E) were decreased under drought stress for 5 d, while the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) was increased. The efficiency of energy conversion of open PSⅡ (Fv′/Fm′) maintained rather stable, while its electron transport rate (ETR), actual PSⅡ efficiency (?PSⅡ), photochemical quenching (qP), and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were increased after the 10 d of drought stress, and then was decreased, which was consistent with the change in Pn. Conclusion The growth of H. zhejiangensis is promoted under slight drought stress condition, which is probably associated with the dissipation of excess light energy.

Thirty-two patients with comminuted proximal humerus fractures(Neer Ⅲ or Ⅳ) were admitted to Department of Orthopedics,First Hospital of Jilin University from March 2001 to April 2006.The patients consisted of 19 males and 13 females,aged 19-70 years,including 15 of 19-49 years and 17 of 50-70 years.All patients underwent treatment of cloverleaf plate-screw fixation.During the follow-up for 8 months,union time and scores from Constant & Murley functional scale were similar between male and female groups.Compared with patients aged 50 years,and the scores from Constant & Murley functional scale were significantly lower(P 50 years old is relatively longer with unfavorable functional recovery in the shoulder joint.

Objective To evaluate the effects of mild-hypothermia therapy on coagulation and prognosis in patients with severe traumatic brain injury(sTBI). Methods Forty sTBI patients with Glasgow coma score(GCS) 3-8 were randomly divided into normal temperature-treatment control group(NT group)and hypothermia-treatment group(HT group),each 20 cases. Both groups were given conventional therapy,and HT group was additionally given mild-hypothermia therapy. The values of prothrombin time(PT),activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT), thrombin time(TT) and concentrations of plasma fibrinogen(Fg),D-dimer(DD)in two groups were monitored dynamically. The incidences of frequently seen blood coagulation related complications,such as delayed hematoma, hyper-fibrinolysis,cerebral infarction were counted,and 3 months after injury,the standard glasgow outcome scale (GOS)was applied to assess the prognosis. Results The values of PT,APTT and TT were significantly shorter and reached their valley values after 12 hours in NT group〔PT(s):10.6±0.8 vs. 11.6±1.2,APTT(s):16.7±1.2 vs. 20.8±1.4,TT(s):9.8±0.8 vs. 13.6±0.8〕,the concentrations of plasma Fg,DD were obviously increased and reached their peak values after 12 hours〔Fg(g/L):3.2±0.9 vs. 2.5±0.8,DD(μg/L):4 126.7±1 170.3 vs. 873.5±140.2〕,which showed that hypercoagulability appeared in the first 12 hours after injury in NT group,and after 12 hours turned into hyper-fibrinolysis. However,the values of PT,APTT,TT extended slowly until 12 hours reaching to their peak values〔PT(s):14.4±0.9 vs. 10.9±1.0,APTT(s):45.4±1.0 vs. 20.2±1.0,TT(s):25.3±1.2 vs. 13.0±0.6〕,the concentration of plasma Fg declined gradually until 12 hours to its valley value(g/L:1.8±0.7 vs. 2.3±0.6)and then back to normal,the concentration of DD rose gradually until 12 hours reaching to its peak value(μg/L:3 079.8±947.6 vs. 795.6±120.7)and then back to normal at 72 hours in HT group. The time of recovery for above indexes in HT group was earlyer than that in NT group. The incidence of delayed hematoma in NT group was higher than that of HT group(10%vs. 5%),but there was no statistical significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05),and the incidences of hyper-fibrinolysis(5% vs. 35%,P<0.05)and cerebral infarction (0 vs. 25%,P<0.05)in HT group were obviously lower than those in NT group. The rate of good therapeutic effect was higher(30% vs. 5%,P<0.05),and mortality lower(10% vs. 25%,P<0.05)in HT group than that of NT group. Conclusion Mild-hypothermia therapy can ameliorate coagulation dysfunction, reduce morbidity of coagulation related complications,and can improve the prognoses of patients with sTBI.

Objective To evaluate the value of Continuous renal replacement therapy ( CRRT) in the treatment of the type 1 cardio-renal syndrome.Methods From June 2008 to August 2014,the type 1 cardiorenal syndrome patients receiving continuous renal replace-ment therapy in Wenzhou People′s Hospital ICU were retrospectively analyzed .Before and after treatment , the mean arterial pressure , central venous pressure, shock index, rapid shallow breathing index, oxygenation index, urine, plasma amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide precursor , creatinine and bicarbonate and other clinical data were observed in order to understand CRRT ′s value in type 1 cardiorenal syndrome patients.Results Total 37 patients [aged from 27-88(67.9 ±18.7)years,51.4%male] with type 1 cardiore-nal syndrome were enrolled in this study .Statistics showed that after CRRT treatment , the mean arterial pressure , central venous pres-sure, shock index , rapid shallow breathing index , oxygenation index , urine, plasma amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide precursor, creatinine and bicarbonate were significantly improved , and there was a significant difference (P<0.05).Conclusion For type 1 cardiorenal syndrome , especially critical patients with serious diuretic resistance , CRRT has great therapeutic value , even the only treatment option .

In the clinical practice,critically ill patients are in great risk of delirium because of the impact of psychological,surroundings,illness,and medications,with the incidence rate as high as 45％-87％.Delirium could result in bad prognosis and clinical consequences of cognitive function in late stage.Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a novel and highly selective 2-adrenoceptor agonist.It offers beneficial pharmacological properties and has been widely used in intensive care unit (ICU).In order to provide scientific and effective references for clinical practice,this paper reviewed the development of DEX intervention for the prevention of delirium in ICU both in China and abroad refereed to the pharmacological characteristics and the efficiency in clinic and the influence factors ofthe efficiency;and also discussed the possible mechanisms,such as modulating the neurotransmitters,and attenuating stress response and inflammation.

BACKGROUND:The previous researches indicate that, shock waves can enhance the proliferation of T-cells and the expression of interleukin (IL)-2 through a mechanism that involves p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)activation.OBJECTIVE: To investigate if adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release is an underlying mechanism through which low-density shock waves (LDSWs) augment T-cell function.DESIGN: Controlled repetitive measurement by groups, taking cells as subject.SETTING: Department of Orthopedics, the First Hospital of Jilin University.MATERIALS: KDE-2001 Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripter (Beijing Zhongke Jian An Meditechs Co., Beijing, China).p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 1 mg (BioSource Inc., Camarillo, CA); p38 MAPK kit for detecting phosphorylation (Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. U.S.A.); P2 receptor inhibitor suramin 50 mg (BIOMOL Research Laboratories Inc., PA) was prepared into 0.02 mol/L solution by 1.749 2 mL IMDM. ATP enzyme: apyrase 200 U (Sigma, U.S.A.); P2X7 receptor antagonist KN-62 (BioSource Inc., Camarillo, CA); ATP Bioluminescence Assay Kit CLS Ⅱ (Roche Diagnostics GmbH,Mannheim, Germany).METHODS: The experiment was carried out in the Orthopedic Laboratory of the First Clinical Hospital in Jilin University from January 2005 to December 2006. ①An Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripter (at 7 kV generator voltage, 0.3 μF capacitance, 23 MPa positive pressure, 0.18 mJ/mm2 energy flux density) was applied for LDSWs treatment ranging from 50 to 400 impulses. ②ATP release into the culture supernatant from Jurkat T-cells or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was determined with a specific ATP Bioluminescence Assay Kit. ③Negative control group excluded antagonist or inhibitor. Human PBMCs were used to determine the effect of LDSWs on activated T-lymphocyte proliferation. Human Jurkat cells were used to study the effects of LDSWs on IL-2 expression. Expression and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in Jurkat T-cell were measured by Western Immunoblotting with anti-p38 MAPK antibodies and anti-p38 MAPK phospho-specific antibodies that recognized the phosphorylation (on Thr180/Tyr182).MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: extra-cellular ATP release, IL-2 expression in cell suspension, cellular proliferation and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK.RESULTS: ①ATP release under the condition without LDSWs was obviously lower than that with LDSWs of 100, 150,200, 250, 300, 360 and 400 impulses (P ＜ 0.01), and ATP release increased with the LDSWs impulse.②Compared with negative control group, the additions of apyrase, KN-62 or suramin attenuated the 3H-TdR incorporation of the phytohemagglutinin-stimulated PBMCs or CD3/CD28-stimulated Jurkat T-cells, which were effected with LDSWs of 100,150, 200, 250, 300, 330 impulses at 0.18 mJ/mm2 (P＜ 0.01). IL-2 expression in the cellular supernatant was also significant increased (P ＜ 0.01). ATPase, KN-62 or suramin all decreased the effect of LDSWs on p38 MAPK of Jurkat T-cells.CONCLUSION: ①LDSWs deform cellular membranes but have no effect on organelle, which results in ATP release from Jurkat cells. Exogenous ATP release activates P2X7 receptor and p38 MAPK, and increases IL-2 expression. LDSWs enhance T-cell proliferation and IL-2 expression through a mechanism that involves ATP release, P2X7 receptor and phosphorylized p38 MAPK activation. ②The release of ATP plays a key role in the mechanism through which LDSWs regulate the function of T cells.

Objective To process the image of endoscopic uhrasonography(EUS)by digital imaging processing(DIP)and pattem recognition,and to evaluate its efficacy in diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.Methods Two hundreds and sixteen patients,who underwent EUS between Feb 2005 and Feb 2007,were randomly recruited to the study.The cohort jncluded 153 cases of pancreatic cancer,which were confirmed by cytological findings after fine-needle aspiration,and 63 cases of non-pancreatic cancer(normal pancreas and chronic panereatitis).The texture features of the EUS image were selected and extracted,and cases were automatically divided into cancer and non-cancer based on findings of support vector machine (SVM).Sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of the technique were calculated.Results From each region of interest(ROI),a total of69 texture features vest in 9 sets were extracted,and 25 features with most set interval were taken as initial.The images of 216 cases were divided randomly into training set(108 eases,76 cancer and 32 non cancer)and testing set(108 cases,77 cancer and 31 non cancer).After 50 times of random tests,the average accuracy,sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer were (97.98±1.237)%,(94.32±0.0354)%,and(99.45±0.0102)%respectively.Conclusion DIP,combined with computer aided EUS imaging,is an accurate and noninvasive technique in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.which warrants novel and further researches.

Objective To investigate the elasticity reduction of liver tissue due to microwave ablation and the relevance to the histographic damages. Methods An experimental study using fresh porcine liver was designed. Elasto-ultrasonography scanning both in color display and strain ratio calculations was conducted before and 5 min after microwave ablation ( 2450 MHz) in manner of antenna insertion under ultrasound guidance to determine the alterations of the liver elasticity, in correspondence with the histopathologic assessment of each ROI. Results Elasto-ultrasonography showed a significant elasticity reduction and hardness augment of the targeted liver tissue and the corresponding histopathology revealed increases in the amount of massive coagulative necrosis and coking of liver cells after microwave irradiation,in proportional to the applied field power and working time. Conclusions Elasto-ultrasonography helps to demonstrate microwave-induced lesion in porcine liver got rapidly hardened. It is possible to estimate the tissue necrosis to the changing of tissue hardening.

Objective To investigate the role of precursor of brain derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF) in the improvement of motor function of rats subjected to cord transection. Methods Spinal cord transection was performed at T10 level. The rats were divided into sham operation group and artificial cerebrospinal fluid group. Then, the rats were subjected to proBDNF antibody treatment. The efficiency of proBDNF block was also determined by immunohistochemistry. BBB scale scores were used to e-valuate the effect of ProBDNF block on the motor function of the rats with spinal cord transection. Results Compared with control rats, proBDNF treatment showed a marked down-regulation of proBDNF protein in the spinal cord and could significantly improve the motor function. BBB scores in proBDNF block group was higher than those in artificial cerebrospinal fluid group. Conclusion The proBDNF block is available to the recovery of the motor function in hindlimbs in cord transected rats, suggesting that proBDNF could be as a member of candidate molecules for SCI therapy in the future.

Background Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic model is an acceptable model and is often used to the study of diabetic retinopathy (DR).However,the model is often established using retinal digest preparation in vitro in albino rats,and therefore it is difficult to evaluate the change of retinal vessels by fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) in vivo.Recently,pigmented rats are being used as the DR model.But the study on the comparison between albino rat model and pigmented rat model is seldom.Objective This study was to observe and compare the manifestations of FFA and retinal digest preparation in early diabetic pigmented diabetic rat and albino diabetic rat,and to select the right model of DR using FFA.Methods Type 1 diabetic models were induced in 15 six-week-old health male BN rats and 15 six-week-old health male SD rats by the injection of STZ (55 mg/kg) via tail vein.The models were thought to be successful in the rats with the blood glucose level ≥ 16.7 mmol/L.The right eyes of the rats were extracted 6 weeks after injection of STZ.Lens were examined by slit lamp microscope.Retinal vascular changes were examined by fundus photography,FFA and periodic acid Schiff staining of retinal digest preparation.The manifestations of FFA and retinal digest preparation were contrasted between BN rats and SD rats.The number of eyes with lens opacification was compared by Chi-square test and the ratio of vascular endothelial cells and perithelial cells (E/P) was compared between BN rats and SD rats.The use and care of experimental animals complied the Statement of Ethic Committee of Tianjin Medicine University.Results Six weeks after injection of STZ,11 BN rats and 10SD rats were included in this study.The blood levels were (24.73±2.98) mmol/L and (22.36±3.65) mmol/L in BN rats and SD rats,respectively,without significant difference between the 2 types of rats (t =7.873,P＞0.05).Lens opacification occurred in 6 BN rats and in 5 SD rats (P=0.717).FFA showed the clear retinal vascular under the brown background.Evident vessel disorder and fluorescence leakage like background stage of DR were seen in 9 eyes.However,in the SD rats,retinal vessel abnormality could not exhibited owing to the interference of choroid fluorescent light from choroidal vessels and vortex vein.Retinal digest preparation exhibited that unevenness of vessel diameter,decrease of perithelial cells and increase of endothelial cells in both types of rats.The E/P values were 11.50±3.68in the BN rats and 12.86±3.94 in the SD rats,without significant difference between them (t=9.785,P＞0.05).Conclusions The abnormality of fundus vascular morphology can be better displayed in pigmented diabetic rats than albino rats by FFA in vivo.