Alzheimer′s disease(AD)is one of the most common causes of cognitive impairment.“Aβhypothesis”and“tau protein aggregation hypothesis”are two representative hypotheses in relation to AD pathology. But recently,therapeutic strategy target?ing on reducing Aβdeposition failed in clinical trials. On the other hand,as the phosphorylation of tau protein is regulated by multiple upstream kinases,inhibition of a single kinase usually cannot effectively suppress the aggregation of the tau. While blocking multiple kinases at the same time will produce serious side effects. Currently,targeting on Aβand tau protein get into awkward situations. In view of this,researchers are looking for new drug targets for improving cognitive function. Phosphodiesterase 4(PDE4 4)is an enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of cAMP in the body. There are four subtypes for PDE4,and PDE4A,B and D are highly expressed in the central nervous system. Inhibition of PDE4 causes activation of cAMP/PKA/CREB/BDNF signal pathway,which is beneficial for the strengthening and consolidation of learning and memory. This review will focus on the most recent evidence regarding the role of PDE4 in learning and memory.

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are involved in glycoproteins expressed on cell surfaces which play an essential role in clinical disorders. At present, there are several groups of anti inflammatory drugs interfere with the expression of CAMs either directly or indirectly. This paper reviews the study of recent finding pharmacological agents associated with CAMs.

Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognition impairment and behavioral abnormalities.While the mechanisms involved in AD remain unclear,various hypotheses have been proposed regarding pathogenesis of AD,among which the oxidative stress hypothesis has attracted more and more attention.In the present article,the relationship between oxidative stress and AD is reviewed,including sources of neuronal oxygen radical generation,the link of oxidative stress to pathogenesis of AD,preclinical and clinical studies of AD,therapeutic effects of antioxidants and phosphodiesterase inhibitors on AD.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of ginkgolide (GL) on the cerebral blood flow in dogs. METHODS: Dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital were randomly divided into 5 groups, with 4 dogs in each group. Ginkgolide of 4.86, 14.6 and 43.7 mg/kg and Xingling Granule of 0.22 g/kg were administered by gavage to the dogs in each of 4 groups. The dogs in the other group were administered with edible oil (1 ml/kg) as control group. The cerebral blood flow, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure and electro-cardiogram of the dogs were measured at different times after the administration. RESULTS: Ginkgolide of 4.86, 14.6 and 43.7 mg/kg had no obvious effects on the blood pressure and the heart rate. Ginkgolide of 14.6 and 43.7 mg/kg increased the cerebral blood flow 90 minutes after administration, and ginkgolide of 43.7 mg/kg obviously decreased the cerebral vascular resistance 150 minutes after administration. CONCLUSION: Ginkgolide can increase the cerebral blood flow and decrease the cerebral vascular resistance, and it has no obvious effects on blood pressure and heart rate in dogs.

Traditionally,the nellrorl of central nervous system has been regarded as lack of regeneration capability.Recent studies have found that cerebral ischemia may activate neurogenesis in brains of adult mammals,and bring new hope for neural repair after ischemic brain injury.It is very necessary to fully understand the site of neurogenesis,process and neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia and its regulation mechanisms in adult mammals.

Objective To investigate the clonal origin of malignant cells in multifocal urothelial carcinoma. Methods p53 protein expressions were detected by immunohistochemistry in 22 pieces of tumor tissues from 10 patients with urothelial neoplasms.Mutation in p53 was inferred on the basis of immuno staining . Results The p53 protein expression of various tumors in the same patient completely matched, reflecting that the gene status of the multifocal tumor being the same. Conclusions The results strongly support the view that multifocal urothelial tumors are derived from the monoclonal cell.

This paper described the progress in therapeutics of drug dependence by opioids, involved in usages of opiate receptor agitations, non-opiate receptor agitations, non-drug treatment, and immunosuppressive therapy.

AIM: To explore the effects of Compound Yi-Zhi (YZC) on learning and memory capacity and free radical metabolism in D-galactose induced mice dementia model. METHODS: The mice dementia model was induced by a daily D-galactose 0.15 g?kg -1 sc for 45 d and after 5 d D-galactose injection, the mice were treated with three doses of YZC once a day for 40 d. In order to find out the influence of YZC on the models learning and memory capability and free radical metabolism system, Y-maze test was introduced for the former and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) tests for the latter. RESULTS: Compared with the D-galactose model group, three doses of YZC administration ( 0.108, 0.217, 0.433 g?kg -1) were all shown to significantly reduced the times of learning/memory in Y-maze test from 31.35? 8.97/ 17.12? 5.57 to 19.67? 8.07/ 11.27? 6.65, to 14.00? 6.84/ 8.29? 5.95, and to 11.41? 5.99/ 6.24? 4.97, respectively. For SOD, the administrations of 0.108 and 0.433 g?kg -1 YZC could increase the activity of SOD from 17.69? 3.14 to 26.94? 4.46, and to 21.33? 3.63 nU?mg -1 pro. While for MDA, all the three doses of YZC could decrease the level of MDA from 4.08? 0.88 to 2.82? 0.75, to 2.10? 0.42, and to 2.35? 0.39 nmol?mg -1 pro in the mice brain tissue, respectively. CONCLUSION: YZC can improve the D-galactose induced learning and memory dysfunction, and the action may be related to the improvement of antioxidase activity in the model mice brains.

Aim To investigate the effects of anti-morphine vaccines on pharmacological actions of morphine in mice.Methods Morphine-6-succinyl and morphine were conjugated respectively with Blue Carrier(BC) in the presence of carbodi-imide.After being immunized with both vaccines(M-BC,M-6-S-BC),the withdrawal syndrome and the abirritation were observed in mice.Results The withdrawal syndrome of the immune mice with M-6-S-BC and M-BC vaccines were reduced markedly compared with the model group,the skipping times were decreased and the latency was longer(P

Objective To report the initial experience and results of the laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) with ileal conduit. Methods Seven male patients with invasive bladder carcinoma confined to the organ underwent LRC with ileal conduit. The mean age was 61 years (range, 53 to 74 years). The procedure included radical cystectomy with prostatectomy. A 7 cm suprapubic incision was made to remove the organs. Ileal conduit was done routinely. Results Operating time was 7 to 10 hours (median 9.2), and blood loss was 200 to 400 ml (median 264). None of 7 patients needed blood transfusion. 2 to 10 months after surgery, intravenous urography showed no evidence of ureteral reflux or ureteral obstruction. Conclusions With the improvement in the surgical technique, laparoscopic radical cystectomy with small incision, resulting in rapid recovery, may become an alternative method for patients with localized bladder cancer with invasion to muscular layer.