Objective Both kidneys of mice used To investigate the surgical procedures for establishment of murine kidney transplantation models by using bilaterial donor kidneys as grafts for two recipients.Method Using Balb/c male mice as donors/receptors,through careful dissection and trimming of donor renal vessels and abdominal great vessels,both right and left kidneys were harvested and separately transplanted into two recipients.The anastomosis between the aorta and vena cava of the graft and recipient mouse was made in end to-side manner using the 10-0 sutures.The artery and vein was anastomosed by dual point 180 continuous sutures.The technique of pulling the end of graft ureter into recipient's bladder and external fixation method were used for urethral reconstruction.Five days later the recipient's kidney was removed after transplantation.Result The kidneys in 30 mice were transplanted (15 left kidneys and 15 right kidneys) and model survival rate was 76.7％ (12/15 for the left and 11/15 for the right).The average operating time of donor was 339 min and that of recipient was 46 12 min.Cold ischemia time for the first and second transplantation was about 0.5 h and 1.5 h respectively.Conclusion Through careful microsurgical operation we establish the mouse kidney transplantation models using both donor kidneys as grafts,which reduces the costs of microsurgery experiments.

Objective To investigate the monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP1) gene expression of the bladder urothelial carcinoma and its correlation with the pathogenesis of the bladder urothelial carcinoma.Methods Thirty cases of patients with the bladder urothelial carcinoma, including 20 cases of male and 10cases of female, were taken the blood and bladder tissue.In control group, 30 cases of non-cancer patients,including 20 cases of male and 10 cases of female, were taken the blood samples.ELISA method was used to detected the concentration of plasma MCP1, immunohistochemical method to investigate the expression of MCP1 in the bladder urothelial carcinoma and adjacent tissues.Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was applied to detected the expression of MCP1. Data of the two groups were comparied and the relationship between the expression of MCP1 and the clinical characteristics of the bladder urothelial carcinoma was analyzed.Results MCP1 in group of patients with the bladder urothelial carcinoma was (193.4±105.7) pg/ml, and higher than that in non-tumor group (91.8±34.6) pg/ml (t = 8.37, P ＜0.001).MCP1 in invasive bladder cancer was (204.3±167.5) pg/ml and superficial bladder cancer was (130.6±69.2) pg/ml (t = 2.667, P = 0.013). By immunohistochemistry, the MCP-1 positive rate in the bladder urothelial carcinoma was 70.0 % (21/30), that in adjacent cancer tissue was 43.3 % (13/30) (χ2 = 4.9, P ＜0.05). The positive rate of MCP1 in invasive bladder cancer in tumor group was 80.0 % (8/10) and that in superficial bladder cancer was 65.0 %(13/20).At the same time, MCP- 1 positive intensity in the bladder urothelial carcinoma was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues. The intensity in invasive bladder cancer was higher than that in superficial ones. Total RNA and mRNA levels of MCP-1 in the bladder urothelial carcinoma were statistically differences compared with that in adjacent tissues (χ2 = 10.08, P ＜0.05).Conclusion The upregulation of MCP1 gene expression is likely to play an important role in the incidence and metastasis of the bladder urothelial carcinoma.

Objective To study the expression and significance of galanin (GLA) in the prostate carcinoma (PCa).Methods The samples from 50 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 50 patients with PCa and 30 PCa patients with bone metastasis were examined by immunohistochemical staining.Results The positive rates of GLA expression in BPH,PCa,and PCa with bone metastasis were 18 ％ (9/50),68 ％ (34/50),and 80 ％ (24/30),respectively,and there were statistically significant differences between PCa patients,PCa patients with bone metastasis and BPH patients (x2 =25.5,29.74,both P ＜ 0.01),but there was no significant difference between PCa patients and PCa patients with bone metastasis (x2 =1.35,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion GLA has higher expression in prostatic cancer cells,it might be an important indicators for differentiating prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia and predicting the prognosis of prostate carcinoma.

Objective To investigate the effect of L-camitine on renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury (IRI) and Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway in rats.Methods Rats were randomly separated into the following experimental groups:control group (group C),IRI group (group I) and L-carnitine group (group L).Rats accepted no treatment of ischemic reperfusion in group C.In groups I and group L,the renal IRI model was established.L-carnitine was injected through the tail vein in group L,while the equal volume of saline was injected in group C and group I.Rats were killed at 3,6,and 24 h after IR.The levels of serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN),the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the content of malonaldehyde (MDA) in serum were measured.The histopathological lesions were observed in renal tissues after 24-h IR.RT-PCR was used to detect the levels of Nrf2,HO-1 and γ-GCS mRNA.Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the levels and localization of Nrf2 protein in renal tissues after 6-h IR.Results The levels of Cr and BUN in group I and group L were higher than those in group C at 3 h after IR.At 6 h after IR,the levels of Cr and BUN in group L were lower than those in group I (P＜0.01 ).At 24 h after IR,the levels of Cr and BUN in group L were still lower than those in group I though both of them were reduced (P＜0.05).At all time points,the activity of SOD in group L was higher and the content of MDA was lower than those in group I (P＜ 0.05). As compared with group I,the renal histopathological lesions were alleviated in group L at 24 h after IR.At 6 h after IR,levels of Nrf2,HO-1,γ-GCS mRNA and Nrf2 protein in group I were increased as compared with group C,but decreased as compared with group L.Beyond that,the expression of nuclear Nrf2 protein in group L was higher than that in group I.Conclusion L-carnitine can protects the kidney against IRI significantly,which may be due to the up-regulated expression of antioxidant genes by activating the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway.

Objective Various factors may affect the effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy or cardiac resynchronization and implantable cardioverter-defibrilator ( CRT/CRTD) in chronic heart failure patients ( CHF) .The aim of our study was to explore the correlation of age and gender with the effects of CRT/CRTD in chronic heart failure patients. Methods This study included 136 CHF patients, 92 males and 44 females, treated by CRT/CRTD from January 2005 to March 2015.We divided the patients into three age groups:≥70 yr (n=29), 50-70 yr (n=77), and <50 yr (n=30), and compared the baseline characteristics, CRT respon-ding rate and all-cause mortality among different groups.The CRT response was defined as the decrease of NYHA cardiac function≥1 grade and left ventricular ejection fraction ( LVEF) improvement ≥5%. Results In the 136 CHF patients, there were 72 CRT responders (53%), 52%in the≥70 yr group, 55%in the 50-70 yr group, and 50%in the <50 yr group, with no statistically sig-nificant differences among the three groups (P>0.05).However, the CRT responding rate was remarkably higher in the female than in the male patients (66%vs 47%, P=0.027).Cox multivariate and Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed no significant differences in all-cause mortality between different genders or age groups.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the left ventricular diastolic diameter and base QRS duration were independent factors of the CRT response. Conclusion Age does not affect the CRT response in chronic heart failure patients, while female patients have a higher CRT respon-ding rate than male patients.

PURPOSE: Acute renal graft rejection can only be definitively diagnosed by renal biopsy. However, biopsies carry a risk of renal transplant injury and loss. Micro-CT is widely used in preclinical studies of small animals. Here, we propose micro-CT could noninvasively monitor and evaluate renal location and function in a mouse kidney transplant model. METHODS: Orthotopic kidney transplantation was performed in a BALB/c -to- C57BL/6j or C57BL/6j-to- C57BL/6j mouse model. After optimizing imaging techniques, five mice were imaged with micro-CT and the findings were verified histologically. RESULTS: Micro-CT can monitor and evaluate renal location and function after orthotopic kidney transplantation. There were no mice deaths while renal transplants were failure. CONCLUSION: We propose that graft micro-CT imaging is a new option that is noninvasive and specific, and can aid in early detection and follow-up of acute renal rejection. This method is potentially useful to improve posttransplant rejection monitoring.
Allografts* ; Animals ; Biopsy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Graft Rejection ; Kidney ; Kidney Transplantation ; Mice* ; Transplants

Objective To review the clinical diagnosis and treatment of acute focal renal infarction. Methods Three cases of focal renal infarction were reported and the literature was reviewed.The patients aged from 45 to 63 years with mean age of 54. Two cases had low back pain, 1 case with abdominal pain. Based on clinical history, B-ultrasonography and CT scan, focal renal infarction was diagnosed in 3 patients. There were 2 cases on left kidney and 1 case right. All cases were applied digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and thrombolytic anticoagulant therapy. Results Two cases received DSA and thrombolytic therapy. The other one case received pethidine 50 mg, progesterone 20 mg treatment, the salvia infusion and low molecular heparin 6000 U anticoagulant therapy. All patients had symtoms relieved after 1 d. A week later CT scan, 3 cases of renal infarction were apparently disappeared. Serum creatinine and urea nitrogen were normal. Three patients were followed, mean follow-up time was 1. 5 (0. 5-2) years. Conclusions The diagnosis of acute focal renal infarction mainly depends on B-ultrasound and CT. Early diagnosis and treatment is important for achieving recovery of the compromised renal function. Renal infarction should be suspected in the presence of abdominal pain of sudden onset.

Objective To identify the risk factors for in-hospital cardio-cerebrovascular events and 1-year mortality following lower extremity fracture surgery in elderly patients. Methods Four hundred and thirty patients, aged ≥ 65 yr, undergoing elective lower extremity fracture surgery from January 2010 to December 2014, were selected. Age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical sta-tus, preoperative comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, cardio-cerebrovascular events and hemiplegia), preop-erative anemia, surgical site (hip and femur, knee joint and the site below the knee), anesthesia method (general anesthesia, neuraxial anesthesia), surgery time, intraoperative hypertension and hypotension, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative Hb≤90 g∕L in hospital and volume of postoperative drainage, post-operative pneumonia and admission to the intensive care unit after operation were recorded. The patients were divided into either cardio-cerebrovascular event group or non-cardio-cerebrovascular event group ac-cording to whether the patients developed cardio-cerebrovascular events after surgery in hospital. The pa-tients were divided into either survival group or dead group according to the living status 1 yr after surgery. The risk factors of which P values were less than 0. 05 would enter the multi-factor logistic regression analy-sis to stratify the risk factors for in-hospital cardio-cerebrovascular events and 1-year mortality following low-er extremity fracture surgery. Results Three hundred and seventy-two patients completed the study. A-mong the 372 patients, 35 patients developed postoperative cardio-cerebrovascular events in hospital, and the incidence was 9. 4％, logistic regression analysis showed that the preoperative cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and ASA physical status ≥ Ⅲ were risk factors for in-hospital postoperative cardio-cerebrovascular events. Thirty-three patients died within 1 yr after surgery, the mortality rate was 8. 9％, and logistic re-gression analysis showed that age≥75 yr, preoperative hemiplegia and development of cardio-cerebrovascu-lar events after surgery in hospital were postoperative 1-year mortality-related risk factors. Conclusion Preoperative cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and ASA physical status ≥ Ⅲ are the independent risk factors for in-hospital cardio-cerebrovascular events following lower extremity fracture surgery in elderly patients;age≥75 yr, preoperative hemiplegia and in-hospital postoperative cardio-cerebrovascular events are the in-dependent risk factors for 1-year mortality after surgery.

Objective:To explore the value of critical ultrasound in evaluating the fluid responsiveness of small dose volume challenge in patients with septic shock.Methods:Thirty-six patients with septic shock admitted to the Third People's Hospital of Datong from January 2021 to December 2021 were enrolled, and the patients were randomly divided into control group and observation group, with 18 patients in each group. The control group was treated with traditional fluid challenge (500 mL of crystalloid injected within 30 minutes); the observation group received a small dose fluid challenge (100 mL of crystalloid injected within 1 minute). The hemodynamic indexes [central venous pressure (CVP), invasive mean arterial pressure (MAP), velocity-time integra (VTI)] and bilateral lung ultrasound scores were measured by critical ultrasound in both groups. The outcome related indicators of patients in the two groups were observed. The correlation between the above indexes and the fluid challenge was evaluated.Results:Compared with the control group, the heart rate (HR) and CVP of patients in the observation group after the challenge were significantly lower than those in the control group [HR (times/min): 99.74±3.22 vs. 107.65±3.14, CVP (mmHg, 1 mmHg ≈ 0.133 kPa): 7.55±0.22 vs. 10.26±0.52, both P < 0.05], invasive MAP and VTI were significantly higher than those in the control group [invasive MAP (mmHg): 77.36±2.14 vs. 69.81±2.56, VTI (cm/s): 68.85±1.26 vs. 44.71±1.28, both P < 0.05]. The ultrasonic score of the observation group was significantly better than those of the control group (all P < 0.05). In terms of outcome, the length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, mechanical ventilation time and the time for urine volume more than 0.5 mL·kg -1·h -1 of the observation group were significantly shorter than those in the control group [the length of ICU stay (hours): 138.26±1.25 vs. 205.73±1.26, mechanical ventilation time (hours): 36.80±0.25 vs. 47.65±0.36, time to reach urine volume more than 0.5 mL·kg -1·h -1 (hours): 27.38±1.25 vs. 38.61±1.30, all P < 0.05], The dosage of norepinephrine was significantly decreased in the observation group compared with the control group (mg: 45.26±1.85 vs. 53.73±1.92, P < 0.05), and the amount of resuscitation crystalloid was significantly reduced compared with the control group (mL: 1 532.62±12.38 vs. 1 755.52 ± 12.30, P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the volume of crystalloid was highly consistent with M-BLUE pulmonary ultrasound (zone 2, 4 and 5), mechanical ventilation time, norepinephrine dose, time to reach the standard of urine volume and ΔVTI (all P < 0.05). Conclusions:Small dose fluid challenge evaluated by critical ultrasound in septic shock patients has a high value for fluid responsiveness, which can better reduce the risk of obvious tissue edema caused by fluid overload, organ damage and even life-threatening, make fluid challenge more reasonable and appropriate, thereby improving the success of treatment.

Objective To explore a method to generate regulatory dendritic cells (DCregs) from murine bone marrow induced by 5-Aminolevulinic acid combined with ferrous iron (ALA/SFC).Methods Bone marrow cells were obtained from male C57BL/6 mice.To generate conventional DCs (BM-DCcons),the ceils were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10％ FCS,10 ng/mL GM-CSF,10 ng/mL IL-4 for 7 days.The cells were collected for the analysis.To generate DCregs by ALA/SFC,the cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10％ FCS,20 ng/mL GM-CSF,5-ALA 1 mmol/L + SFC 0.5 mmol/L for 7 days.The morphology of ALA-DCregs was observed by microscope and eytospin with May-Grunwal&Giemsa stain.The surface markers of ALA-DCregs were observed by FACS.The function of ALA-DCregs was detected by in vitro mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and in vivo lymphocyte proliferation assay.Results The generated ALA-DCregs displayed an irregular shape with areas of protrusion and demonstrated higher CD11b/CD11c and higher MHC-II but lower CD40,CD80,CD86 expression levels than DCcons.They also had immune regulation effects in both in vitro and in vivo lymphocyte proliferation assay.Conclusion This study illustrated a feasible approach for generating functional DCregs from murine bone marrow induced by ALA/SFC.These cells can be useful for research and application of DC immunotherapy in the future.