Objective: We investigated experimentally the changes of intestinal immunity following shock and resuscitation after trauma. Method:The experimental model was made in rats, which underwent laparotomy, then bleeding and reinfusing through the right fetmoral artery. Result: The concentration of IgA following shock and resuscitation were significantly higher than that before shock.. The concentration of IgA 24 h following resuscitation was the lowest, and was significantly lower than that at the end of shock.. The endotoxin in portal vein following shock and resuscitation were higher than that before shock.. The endotoxin level 24 h following resuscitation was the highest, and markedly higher than that at the end of shock. Conclusion: The traumatic shock and resuscitation are capable of causing intestinal immunosuppression and endotoxemia.

HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 and gp41 are considered as two important parts in viral entry.In the process of virus entry,CD4 first binds to gp120 and causes the conformation of gp120 to change.Furthermore the conformation of gp41 has also been changed.Many peptides,macromolecular compounds and small molecule compounds which bind to gp120 or gp41 can deter the progress of virus entry.These compounds can play an important role in halting the spread of HIV-1 in this way.The structure and interaction of gp120 and gp41 are reviewed here,as well as the anti-HIV agents blocking the HIV entry by targeting the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein.

OBJECTIVE:To establish the quality standard of Paris pubescens. METHODS:Qualitative identification of medici-nal material was conducted from original plant morphology,properties and microscopic characteristics (cross section,powder). The contents of parissaponinⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅵ,Ⅶwere determined by HPLC. The determination was performed on Agilent C18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water(gradient elution)at the flow rate of 0.9 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 203 nm,and column temperature was 25 ℃. The sample size was 5 μL. The content of total saponins in P. pubescens was deter-mined by UV spectrophotometry. RESULTS:The rhizome of P. pubescens was nodular flat cylindrical in shape,slightly curved,ti-ny odor,bitter in taste. The large vessels were found in transverse xylem;phloem cells were small;powder had a large number of starch grains,mostly single grain. The linear ranges of parissaponin Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅵ,Ⅶ and total saponins were 0.64-12.8,0.46-9.2, 0.26-5.2,0.23-4.6,20.5-143.5 μg(r were 0.9999、0.9999、0.9999、0.9999、0.9997),respectively. RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 3.0%.The recoveries were 96.38%-105.24%(RSD=3.01%,n=6),97.24%-102.57%(RSD=2.50%,n=6),97.19%-101.74%(RSD=1.52%,n=6),93.72%-104.00%(RSD=3.53%,n=6),98.11%-104.50%(RSD=2.57%,n=6). CONCLUSIONS:Established standard can be used for quality evaluation of P. pubescens.

Objective To get a more comprehensive view of caregiving experiences, and describe the caregiver burden and the positive aspects of caregiving of family caregivers of senile dementia patients in community and to explore the relationship between the caregiver burden and the positive aspects of caregiving. Methods Totally 80 family community-dwelling caregivers of senile dementia patients in community were investigated by Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI) and Positive Aspects of Caregiving (PAC) questionnaires. Results The score of CBI was 54.73 ± 13.15 and the score of PAC was 28.53 ± 5.37. The score of PAC was negatively correlated with the caregiver burden (r=-0.243, P<0.05). Conclusions The caregiver burden of the family community-dwelling caregivers of dementia patients is high and the positive aspects of caregiving is at middle level. Professional help and support should be provided to the family caregivers of dementia patients by the community health service centers on the premise that the caregiving experience is fully understood. Our aim is to reduce their burden, strengthen the caregiving skills and improve the positive aspects of caregiving simultaneously.

Objective To establish a method of HPLC for determination of rhamnocitrin in Oxytropis falcate Bunge.Methods The HPLC method was used.Chromatographic column:Lichrospher C18(4.6 mm? 250 mm,5 ?m) reversed-phase column;mobile phase:0.4% phosphoric acid in water-methanol(20∶80);flow rate:1.0 mL/min;detective wavelength:350 nm.Results Rhamnocitrin was liner at the range of 4～ 30 ?g(r =0.999 8),and its average recovery rate was 99.7%,RSD=1.4%.Conclusion The method was simple and accurate,so it can be used for the quality control of Oxytropis falcate Bunge.

Objective:To study the optimum ethanol extraction process. Methods: The extraction rate of extractum and total flavonoids as well scutellarin was choosen as the assessment index. The optimum ethanol extraction process was selected with the orthogonal design. Results: The optimum ethanol extraction process conditions follow as: adding 10 fold of 75% ethanol, extracting for 2.0h and twice in all. Conclusion: The average extraction rate of extractum and total flavonoids as well scutellarin was 13.6%, 91.7%, 78.4%(n=3), respectively.

Objective To investigate the relationships of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor ?(PPAR?) and matrix metallo protease-7 ( MMP-7) with gastric cancer ( including low and high grade atypical hyperplasia). Methods One hundred and twenty gastric tissue specimens (four groups) were collected by gastroscopy or surgical operation, including 31 patients with chronic gastritis, 25 patients with low-grade atypical hyperplasia, 27 patients with high-grade atypical hyperplasia, and 28 patients with gastric cancer. The expression of PPAR? and MMP-7 were observed by immunohistochemical technique and analyzed by statistic methods. Results Both of them have high expression in the groups of gastric cancer respectively, and the high combined expressions of them were found in gastric cancer and high-grade atypical hyperplasia. Conclusion PPAR? and MMP-7 were the important differential signs of the gastric cancer and precancer by inference, the combined expression of PPAR? and MMP-7 was the evidences in differential diagnosis among gastric cancer, high and low grade atypical hyperplasia and gastritis.

Objective To assess the feasibility of nuclear matrix protein 22(NMP22)and urinary bladder cancer,antigen (UBC) for the early diagnosis of bladder transitional cell carcinoma and its influencing factors.Methotis 105 subjects,including 60 patients of bladder cancer,25 patients of urological benign disease and 20 normal (healthy)individuals were enrolled in this study.Urine NMP22 and UBC wag assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Urine NMP22 and UBC as well as exfoliocytology were conducted for the purpose to compare the sensitivity,specificity,positive and negative predictive value of these three ways.Results The sensitivity of NMP22(88.3%)and UBC(86.7%)were significantly better than exfolioeytology(40.0%,P<0.01).The specificity of NMP22,UBC and exfoliocytology were 80.0%,84.0%and 92.0%,respectively, the positive predictive values were 91.4%,92.9%and 92.3%,and the negative predictive values were 74.1%.72.4%and 38.9%.Conclusions NMP22 and UBC are sensitive,specific,simple,feasible and noninvasive diagnostic markers for the early detection of urinary bladder transitional cell cancer.

Objective To investigate the capacity and training needs of the community general practice mentors in different areas of Shanghai.Methods General practice mentors from community health centers,who attended a municipal training program in Shanghai during July 2012 to October 2012,were participated in the survey with a self-designed questionnaire.The general condition,basic ability (clinical skill,teaching ability and professional development),motivation and needs of training were investigated.The factors affecting the willingness of training were analyzed.Results Among 742 mentors receiving the survey,259 were from the urban area,174 from rural-urban continuum and 309 from rural area.The academic degree in urban group was relatively higher:17 out of 257 (6.6％) holding master degree.The ratio of participants who had received standardized training in urban,rural-urban and rural areas was 33.2％,25.3％,37.4％,respectively.The personal quality and communication skills in urban group were significantly higher than those in rural-urban continuum and rural group (18.58 ± 2.49,17.89 ± 2.69,17.85 ±2.34,P ＜0.05).The clinical skill (12.31 ± 1.98,11.95 ±2.02,11.52 ± 1.81),teaching ability (11.99 ± 2.62,11.63 ± 2.86,11.12 ± 2.77) and professional development (6.42 ± 1.61,6.36 ± 1.55,5.61 ± 1.38) in urban group were all significantly poorer than those in other two groups.The main purpose of participation in training was to improve medical knowledge and clinical skills in three groups (70.8％,74.0％,80.4％,respectively),followed by the need for community teaching.The rural group has higher training requirements in improving clinical diagnosis and treatment ability (75.3％,80.1％,85.5％,respectively in three groups),doctor-patient communication ability (38.0％,44.0％,50.7％,respectively) and community preventive care ability (29.4％,30.7％,42.8％,respectively).The urban group had much more requirements in scientific research training (38.8％,34.9％,14.1％,respectively).Logistic regression analysis showed that doctors with supports from the leadership (OR =2.688,P ＜ 0.05) and with less working stress (OR =2.241,P ＜ 0.05) were more willing to participate in mentor training.Conclusion There are discrepancies in basic ability and training needs of community general practice mentors in different areas of Shanghai,so we should develop specific or targeted training program in the future.

BACKGROUND:The kidney tissues easily affected exercise ischemia reperfusion, increased free radicals and inflammation, resulted in abnormal renal function after acute exercise. OBJECTIVE:To observe the influence of Blackcurrant Extract on the structure of kidney and expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and nuclear factor-κB at 24 hours after exhaustiveexercise. METHODS:A total of 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=10). Rats in the Blackcurrant Extract group were intragastricaly administered 0.44 g/kg Blackcurrant Extract. Rats in the quietness control group and 24-hour exhaustive exercise group were intragastricaly given an equal volume of distiled water for 6 consecutive weeks. Rats in the 24-hour exhaustive exercise group and Blackcurrant Extract group received no swimming motion until exhaustion fatigue after final intragastric administration. Twenty-four hours later, samples were obtained. Kidney tissue morphology and ultrastructure were observed by electron microscopy and light microscopy. Protein expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and nuclear factor-κB was detected using immunohistochemistry. Tumor necrosis factor-αmRNA and nuclear factor-κB mRNA expression was detected using RT-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the quietness control group, tumor necrosis factor-α protein and nuclear factor-κB protein expression in the kidney was higher in the 24-hour exhaustive exercise group, and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA and nuclear factor-κB mRNA expression was significantly increased (P < 0.01). Compared with the 24-hour exhaustive exercise group, tumor necrosis factor-α protein and nuclear factor-κB protein expression was lower in the Blackcurrant Extract group, and nuclear factor-κB mRNA expression was significantly decreased (P < 0.05); tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA expression was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Kidney in the 24-hour exhaustive exercise group showed obvious morphological changes and ultrastructural damage. The structure of the kidney in the Blackcurrant Extract group tended to be normal. Results suggested that Blackcurrant Extract can repair the kidney tissue injury, reduce the expression of inflammatory factors, and prevent inflammatory damage in the kidney at 24 hours after exhaustive exercise.