Embryonic stem cell possess multi-directional differentiation capacity and can differentiate into all sorts of cells of three germ layers,it has the widely use in the treatment of tissue repair.Recent study shows that,embryonic stem cells can differentiate into cartilage cells in the effect of cytokines,hormones,micro-environment etc.In the is review,the author explore several studies and review the effects of different factors to the differentiation of embryonic stem cell to chondrocyte.

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of intramedullary pin versus plate fixation for displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures.Methods The databases,PubMed,CENTAL and CBM,were searched according to the standards of the Cochrane Collaboration for all the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and clinical controlled trials (CCTs) comparing intramedullary pin with plate fixation for treatment of displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures.In addition,hand search was also conducted in relevant journals.Time limit for search was from the beginning till December 2013.Trial quality was assessed using the modified Jadad scale and effective data were pooled for Meta analysis with software RevMan5.2.7,including wound infection,hospital stay,wound size,intraoperative blood loss,operation duration,implant irritation,implant problems,delayed union,malunion,nonunion,total complications and Constant scoring.Results Three RCTs and 7 CCTs with 697 patients were included in our study.The modified Jadad scoring showed fine quality of the 10 trials.Intramedullary fixation was significantly superior to plate fixation in wound size,intraoperative blood loss,operation duration,hospital stay,wound infection,and symptomatic hardware (P ＜ 0.05),but led to a significantly higher rate of implant problems (P ＜ 0.05).However,no significant differences were identified in total complication rate,delayed union,nonunion,malunion or Constant score (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The superiority of intramedullary fixation for displaced mid-shaft clavicle fracture lies in its advantages of minimally invasion,such as limited incision,less intraoperative bleeding,shorter operation time and hospital stay,less wound infection and implant irritation.Ahhough intramedullary fixation may lead to a higher rate of implant problems,it shows no significant differences from plate fixation in bone healing and functional recovery.

[Objective]To study the screw trajectory in the posterior atalanto-axial transarticular screw fixation.[Methods](1)The anatomical parameters related to the screw fixation were measured on 30 paired dry atlantoaxial specimens;(2)The X ray and CT scan were taken after C1、2 was fixed by posterior transarticular screws on 6 cadavers.These iterms were used to explore the anatomical relation of the vertebral artery and the screw trajectory in the posterior C1、2 fixation.[Results]The depth of the vertebral artery groove on the inferior surface of the superior facet of the axial was(5.86 1.45)mm;the vertebral artery groove extented the superior facet up to its medial third in 15 sides,up to the middle third and its lateral third respective in 35 and 9 sides,and the ideal screw trajectory medial angle of these specimens were(26.4?3.44)?,(16.1?2.44)?,(15.1?2.24)? respectively。The shortest distance between the vertebral artery and the screw trajectory lied in the topmost point of the vertebral artery groove of the axial on CT images,and the interval was(2.75～5.78)mm.[Conclusion]The position of vertebral artery groove of the axial is the key to decide the angle of the screw trajectory.The shortest interval between screw trajectory and vertebral artery,safe for posterior atalanto-axial transarticular screw fixation,locates on the inferior surface of the superior facet of the axial.

OBJECTIVE To develop a new rapid method of real time fluorescence quantitative Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) to detect Polyoma virus BK(BKV) with high sensitivity,specificity,stability and lower price using the self-quenched probe.METHODS DNA segment of BKV was cloned into the vector pGEM-11Zf.The recombinant vector pGEM-11Zf-BK was used as standard template.The self quenched probe was designed according to the cloned gene sequence.The PCR reaction system was optimized and the method established was evaluated.RESULTS Restriction maps showed that the structure of recombinant plasmid pGEM-11Zf-BK was the same as expected.Methodology analysis suggested that self-quenched probe fluorescent quantitative PCR detective method of BKV be successfully established with high sensitivity,specificity and accuracy.CONCLUSIONS The self-quenched probe fluorescence quantitative PCR detective method for BKV has been developed successfully with high sensitivity,specificity and accuracy.

Objectives To summarize the maternal and fetal outcomes of patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET), and tentatively propose possible solutions for different clinical scenarios.Methods We retrospectively studied the clinical data, treatment, outcomes and follow-up status in 18 consecutive cases of young women with ET visited Peking University People's Hospital, among whom 22 pregnancies occurred from March 2005 to January 2015.Rank-sum test, Chi-square test or Fisher exact test were applied for statistics.Results (1) Out of the total 22 pregnancies, 17 (77％) were successful (term live births) and five (23％) ended in miscarriages, among which four were spontaneous abortion in first trimester.(2) Six pregnancies did not received any therapy, while 16 received various treatments before and/or during pregnancy, including oral Aspirin(single/joint), Hydroxyurea, Interferon-α (IFN-α) and platelet apheresis.(3) Treatments before/during pregnancy improved the live birth rate significantly (15/16 vs 2/6, P=0.009).Platelet (PLT) count of the newborns were all normal till the time at follow-up.(4) The median PLT count in those patients before Aspirin therapy was 761 × 109/L[(448-1 213) × 109/L, and 639× 109/L[(283-1 908) × 109/L] thereafter, which showed no significant difference (Z=-0.405, P=0.686).(5) The PLT counts in those patients before combination therapy of Aspirin and IFN-α was 989 × 109/L[(435-1 504) × 109/L], and 498 × 109/L[(186-559) × 109/L] thereafter, which decreased significantly (Z=-2.366, P=0.018).Conclusions (1) First-trimester spontaneous abortion is the most common complication of ET in pregnancy.(2) A specific treatment strategy may improve the pregnant outcomes without long-term harmful effect up to now.(3) IFN-α and/or Aspirin might be the first-line therapy in women with ET during pregnancy.

Objectives To observe the effects of glucose at different concentrations on the expression of PPAR? in the rat insulinoma INS-1 cells so as to illustrate the function of PPAR? in the cross-talk of lipid metabolism with glucose metabolism in pancreatic cells. Methods After cultured in RPMI1640 media containing 3, 11 and 20 mmol/L glucose respectively for 1 h, the cells were used to measure the content of intracellular triglyceride. The RNA and nuclear protein of INS-1 cells were extracted, and then the expression of PPAR? mRNA was detected by semi-quantity RT-PCR and the PPAR? protein was analyzed by Western blotting. Results With the increment of the concentrations of glucose, the content of intracellular triglyceride in the cultured cells was elevated, while the expressions of PPAR? mRNA and protein were both down-regulated. Conclusion Glucose promotes triglyceride deposition in INS-1 cells, and the down-regulation of PPAR? presumably contributes to the lipid deposition in INS-1 cells during hyperglycemic states.

College of Stomatology of Wuhan University was the first dental school who introduced the Kavo head-simulator for clinical teaching.In this study,students of stomatology were investigated before and after head-simulator training and questionares were made.The results have showed that head-simulator teaching system not only raises the activity of student,consolidates the basic knowledge,develops the clinical thinking ability,but also increases the ability of clinical operational skill before clinical training.

Adolescent ; Cyanosis ; complications ; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial ; complications ; Humans ; Male ; Pulmonary Wedge Pressure

Animals ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; etiology ; therapy ; Captopril ; therapeutic use ; Disease Models, Animal ; Electric Stimulation Therapy ; methods ; Myocardial Ischemia ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Rabbits ; Ventricular Fibrillation