Objective To investigate the status of biological membrane(biofilm) formation in the bronchi of old patients treated with mechanical air,and clarify its correlations and risk factors.Methods The retaining time in 25 bronchi from 22 cases of old patients and the results of bacterial culture were analyzed.Results Bacteria culture-positive samples are 22 cases isolated from 25 endotrached tube,accounting for 88%.Negative samples are 3 cases,accounting for 12%.Conclusion The density of bacteria is corresponding to the time of tubing in the bronchi.With the extension of tubing time,the quantity of bacteria is greatly increased.

Objective To explore the clinical effects of sitagliptin alone or its combination with metformin on the patients with type 2 diabetes registered on their first clinic/hospital visits.Methods Eightytwo patients with type 2 diabetes who diagnosed with oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT),insulin test and glucagons stimulating C-peptide test from May 2011 to February 2012 in our hospital were randomly divided into two groups:the patients in control group took sitagliptin alone (control group,n =41) and the patients in experimental group took sitagliptin combined with metformin (experimental group,n =41).Eighty-two patients,after the mission,were given diabetic diet and moderate exercise therapy.Taking sitagliptin 100 mg,1 times/d;combined with metformin groups given sitagliptin 100 mg/d,metformin 250 mg,3 times/d.Six months later,the major indexes comparing between before and after treatment of weight,body Mass Index (BMI),glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c),OGTT,fasting plasma glucose (FPG),2 h plasma glucose (2 hPG),fasting insulin (FINS),2 h postprandial insulin (2 hINS),fasting C-peptide and 2 h postprandial C-peptide levels were measured to research the changes during the treatments.Results After treatments,all the indexes were decreased significantly,and the BMI,HbA1c,FPG,2 hPG,FINS,2 hINS,fasting C-peptide and 2 h postprandial C-peptide in the group with sitagliptin united with metformin were significantly lower than the group with sitagliptin((27.4 ± 1.2) kg/m2 vs.(27.9 ±1.5) kg/m2,t =-2.812;(8.1 ±1.2)％ vs.(8.8 ± 1.3)％,t =-2.953;(8.17 ±1.22) mmol/L vs.(9.22 ± 1.28) mmol/L,t =-4.940;(10.16 ± 1.68) mmol/L vs.(11.01 ± 1.62) mmol/L,t =-3.362; (9.22 ± 1.93) mU/L vs.(9.85 ± 1.59) mU/L,t =-2.212;(74.62±13.73) mU/L vs.(83.75 ± 13.12) mU/L,t =-5.235;(1.43 ±0.34) μg/L vs.(1.77 ±0.27)μg/L,t =-3.194; (6.80 ± 1.40) μg/L vs.(7.61 ± 1.64) μg/L,t =-4.480 ; P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Sitagliptin is useful to treat type Ⅱ diabetes,plays important roles in improving patients' quality of life and insulin resistance,control of blood glucose,reduce the family and the burden of social health,and the effect will be more better when united with metformin.

Four hundred and five pregnant women whose husbands had positive HBeAg,HBsAg and anti HBc were recruited in the study.Among them.218 women with positive HBsAb were completely randomized into group A and group B,while 187 cases with negative HBsAb formed group C.Women in group A and group C were injected with hepatitis B immunoglobulin(HBIG)before delivery.All newborn babies in 3 groups received routine HCV vaccination.in addition babies in group A and group C also received HBIG iniection within 24 h after birth.The HBV infeetion rate of newborns was 12.1%in group A,12.8%in group B and 23.0%in group C respectively.

Objective To compare the clinical effect of small bone flap craniotony and skull drill drainage in treatment of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage.Methods Ninety -eight patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage were classified into group A and group B by random number table with 49 cases in each.Group A was used small bone flap craniotony,and group B was used skull drill drainage.The clinical effects between two groups were compared.Results The short-term total effective rate in group A was 83.7％(41/49 ),which was significantly higher than that in group B with 65.3％(32/49 )(P ＜ 0.05 ).The long-term good rate in group A was 55.1％(27/49),which was significantly higher than that in group B with 26.5％ (13/49) (P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusion Both the short-term and long-term effective rate of small bone flap craniotony for hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage are better than skull drill drainage.

BACKGROUND: The dynamic characteristics of electroencephalogram (EEG) include a decrease in the chaotic dimension, the correlation dimen sion, the Lyapunov exponent, the chaotic complexity, the freedom of EEG and an enhanced synchronization and periodicity of the EEG from several minutes to tens of minutes before epileptic seizures. All these characteristics prefigure the forthcoming seizures. Some studies have proven that the non linear dynamical system can be used as a feasible approach to explore the potential variables for describing the chaos portrait of EEG. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the electric characteristics of EEG signal in the epileptic seizures in rat model by investigating the nonlinear dynamical variables, such as the approximate entropy (ApEn) and correlation dimen sion. DESIGN: Observational and experimental study based on animals. SETTING: Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Gastroen terology, Second Artilleryman General Hospital of Chinese PLA; Department of Physics, Faulty of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical Uni versity of Chinese PLA. MATERIALS: From September 2001 to January 2002, this study was conducted at the Complexity Laboratory of the Biomedical Department of the Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA. Six male SD rats,weighing 150- 200 g, were selected.INTERVENTIONS: After intraperitoneal injection of chloral hydrate (0. 5 mL), the male SD rats were deeply anesthetized. When their EEG signal became stable, bemegride injection was diluted at 1:1 with saline and was given on a volume of 0.5 mL to the rats intraperitoneally. After a while,the epileptic seizures started marked by a spasm with a deep roar. The entire epileptic seizures were recorded. According to the shape of EEG waves and the corresponding symptoms of the rats during their seizures, data of the four phases, referring to normal condition, preictal phase, ictal phase and postictal phases of epileptic seizures, were selected for nonlinear analysis. The variations of the ApEn and the correlation dimension were calculated.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: In the four phases of the seizures, before seizures, preictal phase, ictal phase and postictal phases, the changes in the ApEn and correlation dimension were observed.RESULTS: All the 6 rats entered the statistical procedure. During epilepsy, the ApEn and correlation dimension of the EEG signal in ictal phases (0. 447 ±0. 126, 2. 166 ±0. 377) decreased significantly while those in preictal phases(0. 807 ±0. 182, 4. 773 ±0. 319) and postictal phases (1. 241 ±0. 125, 6. 042 ±0. 373) (t = -3. 984to 17. 902, P ＜0. 01). The ApEn and the correlation dimension of the EEG signal in preictal and ictal phases had significant difference with those observed under normal conditions (1.313 ± 0. 090, 6. 405 ± 0. 694) (t = -5. 228 to 12. 740, P ＜ 0. 01 ).CONCLUSION: The changes in ApEn and correlation dimension showed by nonlinear dynamical approach in this study reflect the characteristics of EEG signals in preictal time, ictal time and postictal timeof the epileptic seizures and the differences among them. Additionally, they also reveal the laws in the changes of the complex ictal EEG signal.

BACKGROUND: Bone marrow inhibition is a predominant side effect caused by the drugs for anti-tumor.OBJECTIVE: To observe the intervention effect of traditional Chinese medicine qiongyugao on bone marrow inhibition induced by chemotherapy in experimental mice with pulmonary adenocarcinoma.DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial.SETTING: Medical College of Jinan University.MATERIALS: The experiment was completed in the Central Laboratory of Medical College of Jinan University from March to October in 2001. Fortyeight healthy, aged 6 to 8 weeks C57/BL mice were involved.METHODS: The mouse model with pulmonary adenocareinoma was made with the method of inoculability of cancer cell, and then the models were group: On the following day of inoculation, 0.2 mL normal saline was used by gavage, and normal saline was injected intraperitoneally at the dosage of amine 20 mg was diluted into 0.2 g/L with normal saline, and performed intraperitoneal injection at the dosage of 5 μL/g, once per day, and 0.2 mL platinum diamine was used as in chemotherapy group and 0.2 mL qiongyugao was administered by gavage at the same time once per day. Peripheral erythrocyte, leukocyte and blood platelet, and karyota in bone marrow counting were detected on the 21 days after administration.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Peripheral erythrocyte, leukocyte and blood platelet, and karyota in bone marrow counting of the mice in each group.RESULTS: Eleven mice failing to have tumor in tumor assessment were excluded from the sample, including 3 in the control group, 4 in the chemotherapy and 4 in the combination group. During the experiment,there were 2 mice dying in each group of the control group and chemotherapy group. Totally 11 mice in the control group, 10 in the chemotherapy group and 11 in the combination group entered the result analysis. Erythrocyte, leukocyte and blood platelets in the combination group and control group were all significantly higher than those in the chemotherapy group [erythrocyte: (8.54 ±0.81 ), (8.65 ±0.77), (4.56 ±1.00) ×1012 L -1;leukocyte:(9.04 ±0.60), (9.14 ±0.71), (3.31 ±0.96) ×109 L -1;blood platelets:(949.09±111.31 ), (955.54±87.13), (399.30±131.36)× 109 L-1 ,P ＜ 0.01]. The number of karyota in bone marrow in the chemotherapy group was significantly lower than those in the combination group and control group [(5.30±1.12),(10.51±1.15),(14.36±1.02)]×106,P ＜ 0.01); while the number of karyota in the control group was higher than that in the combination group (P ＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION: Qiongyugao can enhance the counting of erythrocyte,leucocyte, blood platelets of peripheral blood and karyota in bone marrow after chemotherapy in mice with pulmonary carcinoma, improve the inhibition of bone marrow induced by chemotherapy, but can not reverse it completely.

AIM　To investigate the effect of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on ion channels of myocytes. METHODS　L-type calcium channel and sodium channel currents were recorded in guinea pig single ventricular myocyte using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. RESULTS　4-AP, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mmol*L-1 were shown to inhibit L-type calcium channel currents (ICa,L) and sodium channel currents (INa) concentration-dependently. The percentage of inhibition were (11.6±1.7)%, (37.5±8.3)% and (54.5±6.9)% (P<0.01) respectively for ICa,L, and (22.1±14.3)% (P<0.05), (39.4±8.8)% and (62.3±6.8)% (P<0.01) respectively for INa. 4-AP 0.5 mmol*L-1 shifted the I-V curves of ICa,L and INa upwardly. CONCLUSION　4-AP blocked L-type calcium channel and sodium channels in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes concentration-dependently.

Objective To evaluate islet cells functional recovery and clinical effects of dynamic blood sugar monitoring combined with insulin pump in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly.Methods 300 cases with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly divided into treatment group (n=150) and control group (n=150) accompanying with three months follow-up.Body mass indexes (BMI),levels of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c),fasting plasma glucose (FPG),2-h postprandial blood glucose,fasting insulin,2-h postprandial insulin,fasting C-peptide,2-h postprandial C peptide,and the percentage of patients who took oral hypoglycemic drugs alone without insulin could well control the blood glucose were compared between the two groups before versus after treatment.Results The levels of BMI,HbA1c,FPG,2-h postprandial blood glucose,fasting insulin,2-h postprandial insulin,fasting C peptide,2-h postprandial C peptide in the two groups were significantly decreased after treatment as compared with the pretreatment (P ＜ 0.05).The improvement of blood sugar spectrum was better in treatment group than in control group(P＜0.05) and the percentage of patients who took oral hypoglycemic drugs alone without insulin could well control the blood glucose was significantly higher in treatment group than in control group(21％ vs.3％,x2 =22.475,P＜0.05).Conclusions The clinical effects of dynamic blood sugar monitoring combined with insulin pump on newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly is definite and can improve the recovery of islet cells function.It is worthy of clinical promotion.

Hematologic Neoplasms ; genetics ; Humans ; Mutation ; RNA ; genetics ; RNA Splicing ; Spliceosomes ; genetics

Objective To investigate the pathological characteristics of lupus-like renal damages induced by double stranded DNA (dsDNA) derived from Trypanosoma Equiperdum (TE). Methods The TEs were propagated in normal rats and isolated from fresh rat blood by DEAE cellulose-chromatography. Their kinetoplast dsDNA (kDNA) was purified with Gibson's method. The emulsive mixture of kDNA and incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) was injected into normal BALB/c mice subcutaneously. Eight weeks Later some parameters were examined, including sera titers of ANA and anti-dsDNA antibodies, 24h urine protein concentration, ESR, BUN, Scr and renal histological active index (AI). The pathological characteristics of renal tissues were observed under optical and electron microscopes, and then compared with that of BXSB mice and lupfis nephritis (LN) patients with positive anti-dsDNA antibodies in the sera. Results The results of all immunological parameters of TE kDNA-immunized mice corresponded with that of LN. Their renal damages mainly represented nephropathy syndrome. The pathological characteristics of these mice were similar to that of BXSB mice and LN patients, but Ⅱ (mesangial proliferative) and Ⅳ (diffuse proliferative) subtypes were more common in the former. Conclusion The pathological characteristics of renal damages in the mice immunized with TE dsDNA are similar to that of human LN induced by anti-dsDNA antibodies. This mice model could be used as a tool for invostigating the pathogenesis of LN.