Aim To probe into the best conditions for the establishment of endometriosis model in rats by the orthogonal experiment method.Methods Autotransplantation was used to establish the endometriosis model in rats by the orthogonal experiment method in which four main factors were considered to optimize the condition of model,according to the volume of heterotopic endometrium.Results The para ligament of uterus was the best place for transplanting.Both dissecting muscular layer and injecting estrin played an important role in the establishment of endometriosis model in rats. The value of four factors decreased progressively according to the injection of estrin,the dissection of muscular layer,the direction of endometrium implantation and oestrus.Conclusions By optimizing the condition for the establishment of endometriosis model in rats by orthogonal experiment,the volume of heterotopic endometrium was improved.A technology platform for pharmacodynamics research was thus offered.

Objective To observe the change of neuropeptide of the infant patients with post infection cough (PIC) and explore the possible pathogenesis and diagnostic value.Methods Fifty-two cases with PIC in our hospital were selected as PIC group,while thirty infant patients with bronchopneumonia as pneumonia group.Phlegm cells classification and substance P(S P),neurokinin(NKA),neurokinin (NKB),calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentration of the patients in both groups were compared.Results Phlegm cells classification of the two groups showed that,compared with the PIC group,the neutrophils,macrophages,and lymphocytes of the infant patients in the pneumonia group were obviously higher (P ＜ 0.05).After anti-infection treatment,the neutrophils,macrophages and lymphocytes of the infant patients in the pneumonia group were obviously lower(P ＜ 0.01).The phlegm cells classification of the PIC group had not changed significantly before and after treatment (P ＞ 0.05).After treatment,the phlegm cells classification of both groups had no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).During the progress of treatment,there was no evident change for the eosinophils (P ＞ 0.05).Neuropeptide of the two groups showed that,before treatment,the SP and CGRP of the patients in the PIC group were (538.4 ±432.2) ng/L,(123.6 ±70.2) ng/L,and that in the pneumonia group were (613.2 ± 345) ng/L,(156.2 ± 82.6) ng/L.There was no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).After treatment,the SP and CGRP of the PIC group were (552.8 ± 421.7) ng/L,(133.5 ± 81.3) ng/L,and there was no significant difference (P ＞0.05).While the SP and CGRP of the patients in the pneumonia group were (156.2 ± 131.2) ng/L,(741.2 ± 35.4) ng/L,they were obviously lower (P ＜ 0.01).There was statistical difference compared with the PIC group after treatment (P ＜ 0.01).The NKA and NKB had not changed significantly before and after treatment.Conclusion Airway neurogenic inflammation mediated SP and CGRP plays a key role in the acute and chronic infections.The increase of SP and CGRP is closely related to the morbidity of PIC.So SP and CGRP is a reference index for early detection of PIC.

Objective Describes the changes of arterial blood gas analysis and pulmonary functions of emphysematous rabbits after unilateral and bilateral lung volume reduction surgery.Methods Sixty rabbits were randomly and equally divided into 6 groups:control group(A),emphysema group( B),unilateral sham operation group(C),unilateral lung volume reduction surgery group( D),bilateral sham operation group( E ) and bilateral lung volume reduction surgery group(F).Obstructive emphysema was induced with somg and papain in tie rabbits of the remaining groups except the control one.Eight weeks later,arterial blood gas analysis and pulmonary functions were detected.Results Compared with group B,pH,PaO2,PaCO2,SaO2,forced expirratory volume in 0.5 s,froced expiratory capacity,functional residual capacity,total lung capacity,dynamic compliance,and resistance in expiartory phase could be improved in group D ( P ＜ 0.05 ).The amelioration of those results were more obvious in group F ( P ＜0.05).Two rabbits in group F died after opertation.Conclusion Bilateral lung volume reduction surgery could more markedly improve the arterial blood gas analysis and pulmonary functions of emphysematous rabbits than unilateral operation.

OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical distribution and drug resistance characteristics of pathogens from nosocomial infection cases to provide the gist for clinical therapy.METHODS Pathogens isolation,identification and drug resistance tests were conducted to samples,which were gathered from respective departments in our hospital between Jan 2007 to Dec 2007.Then,MRSA tests were performed for Staph Staphylococcus and ESBLs-producing G-bacilli were also detected.RESULTS Among 5382 pathogen strains from 12571 samples,3390 strains were G-bacilli(62.98%),953 strains were G+ bacteria(17.71%) and 1039 strains were fungi(19.31%).The most common species among 4343 strains pathogens except fungi were Pseudomonas aeruginosa(20.5%),Acinetobacter baumanni(11.2%),Klebsiella pneumoniae(10.8%),Escherichia coli(8.6%) and Staphylococcus aureus(8.3%).The clinical departments with higher infective rate were Department of Neurosurgery,Department of Respiratory Disease,ICU,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery,and Department of Pediatrics in order.Drug resistance results showed that the resistance rates of S.aureus to clindamycin,Quinolones and Tetracyclines were about 50%,but no S.aureus was resistant to vancomycin,linezolid and teicoplanin.The resistance rates of G-bacilli to imipenem,meropenem and azithromycin were lower,but with more than 30% of resistance rates to others common antibiotic drugs.CONCLUSIONS The pathogens in nosocomial infection are mainly the opportunistic pathogenic bacteria and mostly G-bacilli.The infection due to fungi shows an increasing trend.It should pay attention to the pathogenic detection and rational use of antimicrobial agents.

Objective To study the therapeutic effect of rheum(Chinese herbal medicine) preparation made by using ultrasonic technique on pro-inflammatory cytokines and sepsis in rats.In order to offer novel measure for the treatment of critically ill patients.Methods Firstly, rheum sterile solution was prepared through ultrasonic technique.Secondly, fifty healthy male SD rats were randomly(random number) divided to CLP group and rheum group.Moderate degree of sepsis model was established by using cecal ligation and puncture(CLP).Rats in group rheum received the liquid rheumpreparation via intragastric administration, while rats in group CLP received saline instead.The 7-day survival rate was recorded and was compared between two groups.In addition, another fifty-four rats were randomly(random number) divided to sham group, CLP group and rheum group(n=18 in each group).CLP was performed to induce sepsis in CLP group and rheum group.Then rats in rheum group received rheum sterile solution via intragastric administration, while rats in CLP group received saline instead.At 12 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours after modeling, six rats in each group were randomly sacrificed.Serum TNF-α and HMGB1 levels were detected by ELISA method.Levels of RAGE, HMGB1 and NF-κB P65 in small intestine were detected by Western Blot.Results Level of anthraquinones extracted from rheum by ultrasonic technique was higher than that by conwentional decoction method.The 7-day survival rate of rats in rheum group(76%) was higher than that in CLP group(48%)(P<0.05).Compared with sham group, serum TNF-αand HMGB1 levels in CLP group and rheum group were significantly increased(P<0.05).TNF-α was significantly lower in rheum group than that in CLP group at each interval(P<0.05).At 12 hours after modeling, there was no significant difference in serum HMGB1 level between CLP group and rheum group(P>0.05).At 24 hours and 48 hours after modeling, serum HMGB1 levels were significantly lower in rheum group than those in CLP group(P<0.05).Compared with sham group, protein levels of HMGB1, RAGE and NF-κB in small intestine were elevated in CLP group and rheum group at 48 hours after modeling(P<0.01), while protein levels of above biomarker were higher in CLP group than those in rheum group(P<0.05).Conclusions Rheum sterile solution could down-regulate the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, modulate the inflammatory response, and improve the survival rate in rats with sepsis.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of single balloon enteroscopy (SBE) in diagno-sing of suspected lesions in small intestine. Methods Data of 23 patients with suspected small intestinal disease, who underwent SBE (Olympus) between February 2009 and August 2009, were retrospectively studied. A total of 34 procedures were performed in 23 patients. The indications for the examination were suspected obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 9), abdominal pain (n = 7), suspected intestinal tumor re-vealed by capsule endoscopy (n = 4), and Crohn disease (n = 3). Results The average preparation time of SBE was less than 5 minutes. The mean procedure time was 61±25 minutes and 67±28 minutes for the oral and anal routes, respectively. Examination of whole length of small intestine was achieved in 6 patients. The diagnostic rate of small-intestinal lesions was 60. 9%, and no severe complications including perforation occurred. Conclusion SBE is safe and easy to prepare and perform, which can be a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool for suspected small bowel disease.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between endoscopic rectal aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and colon neoplasm, including lesions with high risk of aggressive progression (adenoma with diameter ≥ 1cm, villus adenoma, tubular-villus adenoma, adenoma of high grade dysplasia, or cancer). Methods The rectum of 212 patients who underwent colonoscopy was stained by 0. 4% indigo armine, and the patient was classified into different grade according to the number of rectal ACF, namely Grade 0 as no ACF, Grade Ⅰ as 1-4, Grade Ⅱ as 5-9 and Grade Ⅲ as more than 10. The correlation between rectal ACF grade and colon lesions was analyzed. Results Of 212 patients, 72 were classified as Grade 0, 48 as Grade Ⅰ , 41 as Grade Ⅱ, and 51 as Grade Ⅲ. The detection rate of colon neoplasm and lesions with high risk of aggressive progression in patients with rectal ACF were significantly higher than that in patients without rectal ACF (OR at 95% CI was 22. 352 (6. 716 -74. 395) and 7. 982 ( 1. 838-34. 672), respcetively). Conclusion Rectal ACF may predict the detection of colon lesions, including those with high risk of aggressive progression.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of rectal aberrant crypt foci(ACF)for colorectal cancer(CRC)and progressive adenomas, and to analyze its risk factors.Methods IndependentSample T test, One-Way ANOVA and Chi-square test were used to analyze the mean number and incidence of rectal ACF.Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the predictive value of rectal ACF for progressive adenomas and CRC, and to identify the independent risk factors of ACF.Results Large number of ACF, i.e.more than 5, was a significant risk factor for CRC and progressive adenomas.Age and smoking were both risk factors of ACF, while aspirin was a protective factor.Conclusion ACF of more than 5 is predictive of CRC and progressive adenomas.For prevention of CRC, great importance must be attached to risk factors of ACF.

Objective To investigate the miss rate of adenoma with colonoscopy and assess the features and risk factors for missed diagnosis.Methods Patients with colorectal adenoma received a second colonoscopy within 120 days after adenoma was detected and removed on the initial colonoscopy.The findings of two colonoscopies were reviewed and analyzed.The features of adenoma (including size, location, shape, number and pathology) , clinical characteristics of patients (including age, sex, reasons of colonoscopy, history of diverticular disease, history of abdominal or pelvic surgery and colonoscopy with sedation) and endoscopists were recorded.Miss rate and features of different types of missed adenoma were analyzed.We also assessed the effects of adenoma features, patients' characteristics and endoscopists on missed diagnosis of adenoma.Results Adenoma missed diagnosis was found in 271 patients out of 809 recruited subjects (33% ).A total of 425 adenomas were missed out of 2134 (20% ) adenomas detected by repeated colonoscopy.A large diameter was associated with a decrease in the miss rate for adenoma (P < 0.01).Conversely , sessile or flat shape (P < 0.01) , locations at sigmoid, hepatic flexure, cecum and ascending colonic ( P < 0.05) were significantly associated with a higher miss rate of adenoma, as was the number of adenomas (P <0.01).A higher adenoma missed diagnosis rate was observed in beginner colonoscopists, as compared with experienced ones (P < 0.01).Conclusion A marked miss rate of adenoma exists on colonoscopy, which is significantly associated with the size, shape, location and number of adenomas and endoscopists.

ObjectiveTo detect the changes of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with high resolution endoscopy,and to explore its diagnostic value for nonerosive reflux disease (NERD). Methods From April 2007 to January 2008, consecutive out-patients visiting the Department of Gastroenterology due to continuous or recurrent symptoms of acid reflux, heartburn, cardiac-like chest pain for at least three months and volunteer healthy controls were recruited to the study. The subjects were classified into the normal group ( n =48 ), the NERD group ( n =70), the erosive esophagitis (EE) group ( n =70), and the Barrett esophagus (BE) group ( n =48). All subjects underwent endoscopy, and the shape of Z-lines, the shape of mucosal pits, mucosa roughness above Z-line and the shape of mucosal blood vessels were observed. The NERD changes were analyzed with optimal scale. ResultsZ-line shape of NERD group showed a significant difference from that of EE and BE groups ( P ＜ 0. 01 ), which was not different from that of normal controls ( P ＞0. 01 ). The shape of mucosal pits of NERD group was different from that of EE and BE (P ＜0. 01 ), which also was not different from that of control (P＞0. 01 ). Roughness of the mucosa above Z-line of NERD group was different from other 3 groups (P ＜0. 05). And the shape of mucosal blood vessels of NERD was different from the control (P＜0. 05), but was not from two others. Features of NERD relative images were thin,straight and spiral blood vessels, bar-like pits, plat mucosa, round, smooth and wide tooth-like Z-line and mucosa of white particle hypertrophy. ConclusionHigh resolution endoscopic features of most NERD patients are cloudy, white and rough mucosal surface, with white particular hypertrophy, spiral vascular dilation, extending to Z-line. These features can be indicators of NERD.