Objective We aimed to study the characteristics and risk factors for blood transfusion in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI). Methods Clinical data of 180 VLBWI, hospitalized from January, 2012 to June, 2016, were studied retrospectively. The infants were divided into two groups according to whether blood transfusion is administered or not. Two groups were compared with general information, diseases in hospital and treatment taken. Results Of the 180 VLBWI, 118 cases (65.6%) were diagnosed with anemia when hospitalized. 57 cases (31.7%) needed blood transfusion with a mean gestational age of 30.3±1.9 weeks and a mean birth weight of 1233.3±123.7 g, The first time to blood transfusion ranged from 2 to 5 weeks after birth, transfusion volume 20ml/Kg once. Fourty-eight (48) cases (84.2%) only took blood transfusion once. Birth weight, gestational age, basal hemoglobin, hematocrit, volume of blood taking before transfusion, duration of hospitalization, duration of continuous positive airway pressure, duration of paraenteral nutrition, duration of vasoactive drugs used, need for intubation、delivery mode, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, apnea, neonatal hypothyroidism and patent ductus arteriosus showed significant difference between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis revealed that gestational age, birth weight, basal hemoglobin, long duration of hospital stay and blood loss from laboratory testing were risk factors for blood transfusion in VLBWI (P<0.05). Conclusions The rate of blood transfusion in VLBWI was relatively high. Complex complications, critical condition, blood loss from laboratory testing and basal hemoglobin were main risk factors for blood transfusion.

OBJECTIVE: To study the mechanism of intestinal absorption of protocatechualdehyde .METHODS: Using invivo rat intestinal absorption model and HPLC, the apparent small intestine absorption rate of protocatechualdehyde was mea-sured. RESULTS: Under low, medium and high concentrations of drug, the apparent small intestine absorption rates of proto-catechualdehyde were 1.1 341/h, 1.1 637/h and 1.0 847/h respectively .CONCLUSION: The protocatechualdehyde absorptionmechanism is passive diffusion.

0.05),respectively and the cost-effectiveness ratios were 689 and 1 202 respectively.CONCLUSION:The treatment group was superior to as compared with the control group.

Objective To assess the interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility of Neer classification system and its influencing factors.Methods The present study reviewed the series preoperative radiographs (including those of scapular anteroposterior view,scapular lateral view and modified Velpeau axillary view and an axial CT scan) of 40 patients who had been treated in our department from January 2010 to December 2010 for proximal humeral fractures.The radiographs were assessed by 12 individual observers on 2 separate occasions with an interval of 3 months at least Half of the observers (the professional group; n =6) had received a shoulder fellowship training and the other half (the control group; n =6) had not All the observers were asked to categorize the radiographs according to the Neer classification system of 16 types of fractures in a same process.The reliability and reproducibility of the system were assessed with the Kappa statistics.Comparisons of classification agreement were made between the professional group and the control group.We also evaluated the simplified Neer system of only 6 types of fractures with recombinant data.Results The interobserver reliability coefficients were 0.534 and 0.473 for the first and second assessments,with an intraobserver reproducibility coefficient of 0.669.The agreement level in the professional group was significantly higher than in the control group ( P ＜ 0.05).The interobserver reliability coefficients of the simplified Neer system were 0.581 and 0.502,with an intraobserver reproducibility coefficient of 0.680.Use of the modified Neer system did not elevate the agreement level beyond the moderate range.The classification was agreed on by all the observers in 17.5％ of the fractures during the first assessment and in 15.0％ during the second assessment.Conclusions Neer classification may have fair interobserver reliability and moderate intraobserver reproducibility.Experience of shoulder fellowship training is an important factor influencing the reliability of the Neer system.Simplification of the system may not help increase its reliability.

BACKGROUND: A variety of cages for lumbar interbody fusion have been used, which have good mechanics and clinical effects. Conventional posterior fusion requires parallel implantation of two cages, but some researchers believe that single lumbar fusion cage in oblique way is also possible.OBJECTIVE: Through in vitro biomechanical tests, to find a method with favorable effect and little trauma by combination of percutaneous lateral oblique way into the single expansive lumbar fusion cage between the fixed-line operations.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: A randomized, controlled experiment was performed at the Shanghai Institute of Biomechanical Engineering between May 2005 and May 2008.MATERIALS: Expansile lumbar interbody fusion cage was simulated from B-Twin Cage (Disc-O-Tech, Israel). Fresh calf lumbar specimens were used.METHODS: Biomechanical tests were performed in 18 specimens of calf lumbar function spinal units (FSU), which were divided into 3 groups: 6 in control group, 6 in single cage groups and 6 in two-cage groups. The biomechanical tests of two experimental groups were performed following tests of intact specimens. Stiffness tests were conducted in the WE-10A MTS,including axial compression, flexion, extension, lateral bending, and torsion.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Axial and torsion stiffness results of each group.RESULTS: The stiffness was greater in two-cage groups compared with single cage group in axial compression and extension, but significant differences were only found in axial compression and extension tests (P < 0.05). The torsion stiffness of single cage group was significantly greater than two-cage groups (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Percutanous lumbar interbody fusion by single expansile lumbar interbody fusion cage from lateral approach is feasible theoretically. Biomechanical properties of FSU with B-Twin cage are improved, which contributes a lot to lumbar stability. Compared with posterior approach of single cage, two-cage can provide better stiffness and stability but its torsion stability is lower.

BACKGROUND: To review progressions in the pharmacological study of natural plant Ficus carica L. (fig), summarize its main pharmacological effects so as to manifest values in clinical practice.DATA SOURCES: .By computer retrieval system, the relevant papers on the researches on Ficus carica were retrieved on Medline from January 1950 to September 2004 and limited at the referred word "Ficus carica" in English. Simultaneously, the relevant papers were searched by the computer on China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database from January 1999 to September 2004, focusing on the referred word "Fieus carica" in Chinese.STUDY SELECTION: Of all the relevant papers, ones focusing on the pharmacological study of Ficus carica were selected and the whole text were checked, meanwhile those had no relation with the pharmacological latex as well as various constituents and preparations. Exclusion criterion:repeated studies.DATA EXTRACTION: A total of 226 papers were checked on the study of Ficus carica, 30 papers were consistent with the standards. Among the 196 excluded papers, 189 were excluded because they were clinical experience report or repeated studies, 7 were reviews.DATA SYNTHESIS: Investigations of the fig, its leaves and latex as well as various constituents and preparations, have revealed many pharmacological effects such as: anti-tumor effects, the ability to mediate body metabolism, mediating hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and cholesterol levels, enhancing oxidation resistance, antibiotic effects, antivirus effects, the ability to mediate immunity, activating blood coagulation etc. It also may play an important role in supportive therapy in tumor treatment by reducing toxicity and side effects in actinotheraphy and chemotherapy. Several reports of anaphylaxis after fig intake have reported both in China and abroad.CONCLUSION: As an herb, fig has wide pharmacological effects and clinical practise values. The main pharmacological studies of it were focused on its anti-tumor effects and the ability to mediate body metabolism.Separation and purification of its active components and determining the interactions between them as well as the pharmacological and toxicological effects need further study. New pharmacological effect s will be found by studying various fig extracts.

Objective To explore the rationality of clinical blood transfusion since the Ministry of Health enacted the The Technical Criterion of Clinic Blood Transfusion' in 2000. Methods Retrieved the literatures on the appraisal of rationality of clinic blood transfusion published in core journal between 2000 and 2010, and analyzed the rationality of clinical blood transfusion in recent 10 years. Results In 35 literatures entered, the proportion of appropriate blood transfusion of platelet was the highest compaved with the lowest proportion of plasma. the proportion of appropriate blood transfusion in operational department is higher than that in non-operational department. The primary reason of inappropriate blood transfusion is transfusion without indications. Conclusion The proportion of appropriate blood transfusion in china is low. The government should enhance the regulation of blood usage,and the public should he educated to realize the importarce of appropriote blood transfusion in order to promote it to develop healthily.

In clinical practice,regional portal hypertension is infrequent,but it is the only type which could be cured of portal hypertension.Pancreatic diseases are the chief pathogeny of regional portal hypertension,and the obstruction of spleen vein is the basic reason.The common clinical manifestation is isolatism varicose veins of pylorus.The golden standard of its iconography diagnosis is DSA,and the treatment should follow the individual principle.The splenectomy is the basic measure for them who have UGIB or hypersplenism.This is a review about recent advance in regional portal hypertension of etiology and classification,pathology and physiology,clinical manifestation,diagnosis,radiographic examination,cure,and so on.

Magnesium and its alloys possess the features of low density,high strength and rigidity,good biocompatibility and biodegradability.Their elastic modulus is similar to human bone,which endows them with a broad application prospect in the field of orthopedic biomedical materials.This paper reviews the current research status of magnesium and its alloys as the orthopedic implant materials and as porous scaffold materials in bone tissue engineering.Methods to improve corrosion resistance of magnesium-based metals ale briefly described as well.

Objective To study the effect of Xuebijing, a Chinese traditional medicine injection, on the THP-1 cells challenged by endotoxin, and to explore whether it induces endotoxin tolerance. Methods The THP-1 cells were pretreated with Xuebijing in different concentrations (10, 25, 50 mg/mL) and times (4, 12, 24 hours), and then challenged by endotoxin. The level of TNF-α in culture supernatant was detected by ELISA assay, and the expression of TLR4 and IRAK-M mRNA were detected by Real time-PCR technique. Results There was no significant difference in TNF-α level among all the groups (pretreated with different concentrations of Xuebijing for different time) (P>0.05). Only in 50 mg/mL Xuebijing group, TLR4 mRNA was 1.547-fold increase in 24 h than in 4 h group (P<0.05). Only when pretreated for 24 h, IRAK-M mRNA was 1.349-fold increase in 50 mg/mL Xuebijing group than in control group (P<0.05). However,there was no significant difference among other groups (P>0.05). Conclusions Xuebijing can not block the release of TNF-α from the THP-1 cells challenged by endotoxin;and it does not induce endotoxin tolerance. When pretreated with high concentration of Xuebijing for long time, the expression of both TLR4 and IRAK-M mRNA is up-regulated, but its significance is not yet clear.