A cluster sampling method was used to select 5 Huaihai communities of Shanghai.All individuals were aged ≥60 years.Visual acuity without correction and presenting acuity with their habitual distance correction were measured separately for each eye.The prevalence of blindness and low vision was 0.49％ and 1.65％ respectively.The leading causes of blindness in a descending sequence included macular degeneration,cataract and retinal vascular disease.

Objective To explore the feature and the optimal treatment of kidney stones in children associ-ated with infant formula which had been aduherated with melamine.Method Total of 47 cases of urinary stone and 31 cases of acute renal failure caused by urinary multiple obstruction in children associated with infant formula which had been adulterated with mlelamine in Beijing Children's Hospital University of Medical Science,form Jan-uary to November,2008 were retrospectively analyzed.Results Infant formula which had been adultemted with melamine may lead to kindey stones in 15 days.The mean age was 11-month and the ratio of male to female was 2.6:1.The kindey stones were usually multiple and mostly located either in the ureteropelvic junction or all through the ureter.In the view of the renal function resuming duration,there was no statistic difference among the acute renal failure group,operation group and the conservative group(P=0.683～0.846).In children with uri-nary obstruction and acute renal failure,hemedialysis or peritoneal dialysis was performed.83.9%were relieved by posting catheter through panedoseope and blood purification.100% of the patients resumed normal renal func-tion.81.3% of the patients without acute renal failure had recovered after conservative therapies such as infusion.Conclusions The patients associated with infant formula which had been adulterated with melamine were Usually little infants.Male were more vulnerable than female.Most of them had recovered smoothly and the renal function resumed normal after effcient therapies.

Influenza is a major threat to millions of people worldwide. Vaccines and antiviral agents are two main options available to reduce the impact of the influenza virus, while anti-influenza agents are the most effective means to prevent the transmission of the highly contagious virus and to treat the epidemics of disease. At present, four anti-influenza agents have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of influenza, including two M2 protein ion channel inhibitors-amantadine and rimantadine and two neuraminidase inhibitors-zanamivir and oseltamivir. Arbidol hydrochloride, launched in Russia, is a potent inhibitor of influenza virus, too. Neuraminidase inhibitors could be classified generally by structure into six different kinds: sialic acid derivatives, benzoic acid derivatives, cyclohexene derivatives, cyclopentane derivatives, pyrrolidine derivatives and natural products. In this paper, recent progress in the research of the action mechanisms and structure-activity relationships of these anti-influenza virus agents were reviewed.

Objective To describe the CSP genotypic profile in clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigates from different regions of China,and to investigate if there is a difference in antifungal susceptibility among A.fumigates of different CSP genotypes and from different regions.Methods Totally,112 A.fumigates strains clinically isolated from Fujian,Shanghai,Hebei and Beijing were included in this study,and identified according to macro-and micro-morphological characters,growth temperature and β-tubulin sequence.Classic A.fumigatus strains were typed according to CSP gene sequence.The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of voriconazole,itraconazole and amphotericin B to A.fumigates were determined in accordance with the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) M38-A protocol.Results All the strains were identified as classic A.fumigates,and fall into 11 CSP genotypes.The most common genotypes were t04A (n =32),t03 (n =17) and t01 (n =24) in all the strains,tl0,t04A and t01 in Fujian,t04A and t01 in Shanghai,t01,t03 and t04A in Hebei,t02,t04A,t01and t03 in Beijing.One A.fumigatus strain was identified as a new CSP type t25 in Fujian,which showed no obvious difference in morphology,growth rate or appropriate growth temperature from the other CSP genotypes of A.fumigatus strains.No statistical difference was found in the susceptibility to amphotericin B,itraconazole or fluconazole among different genotypes of A.fumigates,whereas the MICs of itraconazole were significantly lower in A.fumigates isolates from Fujian than in those from the other three regions.Conclusions The CSP genotypic profile of A.fumigates varies in clinical isolates from different regions.No significant difference is observed in the susceptibility to amphotericin B,itraconazole or fluconazole among different CSP genotypes of A.fumigates,but the susceptibility to itraconazole is somewhat different between A.fumigates strains from different regions.

Objective:Temperature keeping is vital in the long distance transportation of red blood cell suspensions in military affairs and emergency.This study aimed to develop a composite phase change material to be used for preserving blood in long time transporation without electricity.Methods: The n-tetradecane was adsorbed to the pore structure of silica aerogel through the capillarity and hydrophobicity of silica aerogel.The efficiency of the phase change material was detected by differential scanning calorimetry.Results: The specific surface area and the adsorption capacity were 863.59 m2/g and 9.16,respectively.The phase change temperature was 5.47℃ and phase change latent heat was 180J/g.Conclusion: The n-tetradecane /silica aerogel composite phase change material could be used for blood preservation.

Objective To investigate the effect and clinical application of two kinds of endoscopic titanium clip in treatment of iatrogenic or iatrogenic perforation of duodenal descending part. Methods For 15 cases of perforation of duodenal descending part, according to the specific location of the perforation, select different endoscopic, compare the closing efficiency and success rate. Results 8 cases closed under gastroscopy in 15 cases of descending part of duodenum perforation, successfully closed in 7 cases, success rate was 87.5 %; 7 cases closed under duodenoscopy, successfully closed in 7 cases, the success rate 100.0%. 14 cases successfully closed by endoscopic titanium clip in 15 cases, 1 case failed, the success rate was 93.3 %. The effective titanium clip quantity, invalid (loss) titanium clip quantity and the closing time between the two groups has no statistically significance (P > 0.05). Conclusion It is safe and effective to use two kinds of endoscopic titanium clips in treatment of iatrogenic or iatrogenic duodenal per-foration.

Spinosyns are secondary metabolites from the aerobic fermentation of saccharopolyspora spinosa Spinosyn is a kind of broad spectrum insecticide, which has contact and ingestion toxicity on insects On lepidopteran insects, spinosad (a mixture of spinosyn A and spinosyn D) is one of the most selective compounds ever discovered In this paper, the structure, biosynthesis, property and process of spinosyns are reviewed

Objective To establish a rapid and convenient method for determination of genomic DNA methylation in cells.Methods Five standard substances (dC, mdC, dA, dT and dG) were separated by high-performance capillary electrophoresis.Bare fused-silica capillary was used and eletrophoresis buffer was 48 mmol/L NaHCO3 with 60 mmol/L SDS, pH 9.6.The temperature of separation was controlled at 25 ℃ and a voltage of 20 kV was applied.The separation of the mixture was performed at a wavelength of 256 nm with UV-Vis detection and injection time was 5 seconds at 0.7 psi.Under optimal condition,genomic DNA methylation in methotrexate drug-resistant A549 cells was detected.Results The optimal condition was made by adjusting SDS concentration(40, 60, 80 mmol/L), pH value of running buffer(9.4,9.6, 9.8), voltage(15, 17, 19, 20, 22 kV), injection time(5, 10, 15, 20, 30 s) and capillary temperature(15, 20, 25, 30 ℃).The method for determination of genomic DNA methylation in cells was established.Five substances were completely separated by high-performance capillary electrophoresis in 10 mins.Intra-day coefficient of variation was less than 0.2% and inter-day coefficient of variation was less than 2%.The minimal detection limit was 2 μmol/L.Percentage of mdC in A549 parent cells was (4.80 ±0.52) %.Percentage of mdC in 15, 30, 40 μmol/L methotrexate drug-resistant A549 cells were (4.20±0.44) %, ( 3.70 ± 0.36 ) %, (3.10±0.35 ) %, respectively.Conclusions Genomic DNA methylation can be quantificated by high-performance capillary electrophoresis efficiently, rapidly, conveniently and sensitively.Genomic DNA methylation in methotrexate drug resistance cells decreases significantly.

Objective:To investigate the effect of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) icariin (ICA) on metastatic phenotype of methotrexate (MTX)-resistant lung cancer A549 cells and elucidate the action mechanism and therapeutic value of ICA. Methods:The half inhibition concentration(IC_(50))value of ICA in inhibiting the growth of A549/MTX cells was measured by MTT assay. The colony formation rates and the morphology of cell cluster of A549/MTX and ICA-treated A549/MTX cells were determined by double-layer soft agar colony formation assay. The migration abilities of A549/MTX and ICA-treated A549/MTX cells were evaluated by cell scratch assay. The invasion ability of cells was tested by using Transwell chamber assay. Results:MTT assay showed that the IC_(50) value of non-toxic ICA plus MTX was reduced compared with that induced by equal dose of MTX (35.50±1.85 μmol/L vs 52.17±2.25 μmol/L). The colony formation rate of ICA-treated A549/MTX cells was 0.94±0.09, less than that of A549/MTX cells (1.56±1.07, P<0.05). Cell scratching assay demonstrated that the migration capability of A549/MTX cells was stronger than that of ICA-treated A549/MTX cells at 72 h (P<0.05). Transwell experiment revealed that more A549/MTX cells passed through artificial basement membrane than ICA-treated A549/MTX cells (P<0.05), indicating that the invasion capability of ICA-treated A549/MTX cells was weaker than that of A549/MTX cells.Conclusion:TCM ICA can reverse the metastatic phenotype of MTX-resistant A549 cells.

Purpose To prepare monoclonal antibody against hCG. Methods Balb/c mice were immunized with hCG, and spleen cells from the mice were fused with myeloma cells SP2/0 at ratio of 5:1. Positive clones were screened by indirect enzyme-linked-immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) ,then the clones were subcloned by limiting dilution and amplified further. After intraperitoneal injection of hybridoma cells, mouse ascites antibody was prepared. Titres and specificity of the ascites antibody were identified and determined by indirect ELISA. The ascites were purified by protein A affinity chromatography. Results Two strains of hybridoma cell lines obtained could secrete MAb stably. The titre of MAb of cell culture supernate is more than 10~(-3), and the titre of prepared ascites MAb is more than 10~(-7).The purity of the obtained monoclonal antibody was more than 98% and recovery reached 75 % after purification. Conclusion The obtained two strains of hybridoma cell lines can secrete MAb stably. The monoclonal antibodies can be used in the research of early pregnancy and tumor diagnosis .