BACKGROUND:Sarcopenia is a chronic condition that leads to strength loss and functional decline,increasing the risk of frailty,disability,falls,and death in older adults.Blood flow restriction training can be effective in the treatment of sarcopenia,but a comprehensive review of its advantages,disadvantages,biological mechanisms,and application options is lacking. OBJECTIVE:To review the advantages,limitations,and biological mechanisms of blood flow restriction training interventions for sarcopenia and to give recommendations for application protocols based on current published evidence. METHODS:A search of major databases was conducted for literature published in the time frame up to February 2023.The search terms were"blood flow restriction training,KAATSU,elderly,sarcopenia,muscle"in English and Chinese.Finally,82 included papers were compiled and analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Blood flow restriction training as an intervention for sarcopenia has been effective in peripheral muscle groups,but there are limitations in its application.Blood flow restriction training is highly operational and safe.This training can improve muscle strength and physical performance,but there are potential risks,including adverse events on skeletal muscle,cardiovascular and endothelial cells.Therefore,blood flow restriction training needs to be performed under scientific guidance and further studies are needed to verify its efficacy in patients with sarcopenia.The biological mechanisms of blood flow restriction training intervention in sarcopenia may include:increasing muscle hypertrophy due to reactive muscle congestion,improving muscle protein synthesis capacity,inducing metabolic stress adaptation,promoting skeletal muscle growth and repair,activating vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway to promote angiogenesis,and promoting satellite cell proliferation.However,these specific roles and combined effects of these mechanisms need to be determined by more in-depth studies.Blood flow restriction training interventions for sarcopenia are mainly influenced by training and cuffs.To avoid adverse events,it is recommended that 20%to 50%1RM,20 to 75 repetitions,2 to 3 times per week,30-60 seconds interval between sessions,smaller size cuffs with a pressurization value≤140 mmHg for upper limb training,and larger size cuffs with a pressurization value≤180 mmHg for lower limb training,usually 50%to 80%of the pressure value in the completely occluded artery.However,more research is needed on the training frequency and interval between sessions in older adults,and further research is needed on the optimal choice of cuff pressurization values.

BACKGROUND:Satellite cells are myogenic stem cells located between the muscle fiber membrane and the basement membrane.However,a comprehensive review of the aging mechanisms of satellite cells and their potential mitigation strategies is still lacking.This gap in knowledge hinders the effective guidance for current strategies aimed at attenuating skeletal muscle aging. OBJECTIVE:To review the mechanisms of satellite cell aging in skeletal muscle and the relevant strategies for mitigating this aging process. METHODS:Major databases were searched up to May 2023,including Web of Science,PubMed,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),WanFang Data,and VIP.Chinese and English search terms included"skeletal muscle,satellite cells,aging,mechanism,and solution strategy".After strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied,78 articles were finally included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Satellite cells,situated between the muscle fiber membrane and basement membrane,possess proliferative and differentiative potential.They usually remain in a quiescent state but become activated in response to muscle tissue stimuli,participating in processes of repair and restoration of normal tissue structure.Aging leads to a reduction in satellite cell numbers,resulting in symptoms such as muscle weakness and decreased endurance.(2)Mechanisms of satellite cell aging primarily involve diminished regenerative capacity,perturbed niche interactions with changing ecology,age-dependent loss,and heterogeneity changes.Reduced satellite cell numbers and activity due to aging lead to slower muscle regeneration and increased injury recovery time.Errors during differentiation may occur,resulting in decreased muscle quality and function deterioration.(3)Strategies for mitigating satellite cell aging encompass modulation of the receptor environment of intra-body satellite cells,peripheral interventions to promote satellite cell regeneration,construction of human muscle models,and exercise and nutritional interventions to induce satellite cell proliferation.These strategies hold promise in offering novel insights and methods for satellite cell regeneration and treatment of skeletal muscle diseases.(4)Future research should delve into the mechanisms of satellite cell aging,explore the interaction between satellite cells and their niches,investigate the relationship of satellite cells with the immune system and mitochondrial function,and develop human muscle models to enhance research depth and accuracy.

BACKGROUND:Sarcopenia is an age-related degenerative syndrome,and the relationship between mitochondrial autophagy and exercise in preventing and treating sarcopenia has been demonstrated.However,there is a lack of comprehensive reviews detailing the specific receptor proteins and signaling pathways involved in the role of exercise in sarcopenia prevention and treatment. OBJECTIVE:To comprehensively introduce the specific receptor proteins and signaling pathways related to mitochondrial autophagy and their role in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia through exercise. METHODS:A literature search was conducted between February 1,2023,and April 1,2023,covering literature from database inception to April 2023.Databases included the Web of Science,PubMed,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),WanFang Data,and VIP.Keywords used for the search included sarcopenia,muscle wasting,aging,elderly,mitochondria,mitochondrial function,proteins,pathways,and others.After strict inclusion and exclusion criteria,76 articles were ultimately included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Sarcopenia is a disease characterized by a decline in muscle mass and function with age,and its pathogenesis involves neuro-muscular functional decline,chronic inflammation,acid-base imbalance,and mitochondrial dysfunction.Mitochondrial autophagy is an important process for clearing damaged mitochondria in cells,in which receptor proteins and signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of mitochondrial autophagy.Exercise can promote the occurrence of mitochondrial autophagy by regulating the activity of these receptor proteins and signaling pathways,thereby playing an important role in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia.Exercise can induce mitochondrial autophagy in sarcopenia by upregulating AMPK,phosphorylating ULK1,and reducing mitochondrial energy,enhancing the expression of mitochondrial autophagy-related proteins associated with AMBRA1,and regulating the PINK1/Parkin pathway,to improve mitochondrial dysfunction caused by sarcopenia.In addition,exercise can activate the mTOR pathway to promote muscle growth and increase glucose uptake,thereby preventing and treating sarcopenia.Future studies are needed to further investigate the specific mechanisms and regulatory pathways of mitochondrial autophagy-related receptor proteins and signaling pathways in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia by exercise,and to conduct more clinical trials in humans,thereby to promote further development in this field.

BACKGROUND:Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α(PGC-1α)is closely related to aging and plays an important regulatory role in exercise anti-aging.However,there is a lack of comprehensive reviews on the role of PGC-1α in exercise anti-aging from the perspective of different tissues and organs. OBJECTIVE:To provide a detailed overview of the role of PGC-1α in exercise anti-aging and discuss its regulation from the perspective of different tissues and organs. METHODS:A literature search was conducted from May 1,2023 to July 1,2023.The search covered self-built databases up to July 2023,as well as databases such as Web of Science,PubMed,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),WanFang,and VIP.The Chinese search terms included"PGC-1α,peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α,PPARGC1A,aging,exercise,older adults".The English search terms were"PGC-1α,aging,exercise,exercise training,older adults".Boolean logical operators were used to connect the search terms,and corresponding search strategies were developed.Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria,83 articles were included in the review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)PGC-1α is an important transcriptional coactivator that plays a key regulatory role in maintaining mitochondrial function,regulating energy metabolism,and adapting to different metabolic demands.(2)PGC-1α has a significant regulatory role in mitochondrial aging and various functions in multiple cell types,and is associated with inflammatory pathways,redox control,protein modifications,and epigenetic changes.(3)The expression level of PGC-1α can be increased by exercise training,and it exerts positive effects through regulating mitochondrial biogenesis,energy metabolism,and anti-oxidative stress pathways.It plays an important role in exercise-induced improvement of adipose tissue aging,cardiovascular aging,neurosystem aging,renal aging,skeletal muscle aging,and liver aging.(4)The expert group recommends future research directions including exploring the regulatory effects of different types,intensities,and durations of exercise on PGC-1α expression,studying the regulatory mechanisms of protein modifications and epigenetic changes in PGC-1α, and strengthening the research on the mechanisms of PGC-1α in different aging-related diseases.

BACKGROUND:Satellite cells are a specific population of adult stem cells contained in skeletal muscle that promote the regenerative reconstruction of injured skeletal muscle,but their specific mechanisms are not well established. OBJECTIVE:To review the regulatory role of satellite cells during skeletal muscle regeneration and the mechanism of interaction between satellite cells and their ecological niche signals,aiming to provide new research ideas and perspectives based on the summary of existing knowledge. METHODS:Web of Science,PubMed,CNKI,WanFang,and VIP databases were searched for literature published between January 2002 and June 2022.English search terms were"muscle,skeletal muscle,muscle injury,stem cells,satellite cells,muscle repair".Chinese search terms were"skeletal muscle,skeletal muscle regeneration,skeletal muscle reconstruction,satellite cells,ecological niche".The 66 included papers were organized and analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Satellite cells exist in skeletal muscle and contribute to both the formation of new muscle fibers after injury and the effective growth of existing adult muscle fibers.(2)After the activation of quiescent satellite cells in satellite cells,the steps of satellite cell proliferation,differentiation and fusion to form muscle fibers during skeletal muscle regeneration are influenced by their intrinsic regulatory effects of different mechanisms.(3)Satellite cells can interact with myofibers,extracellular matrix,skeletal muscle junctions,fibroblast progenitor cells,immune cells and endothelial cells in the ecological niche signal to promote satellite cell activation,proliferation and differentiation to achieve effective skeletal muscle regeneration.(4)Possible breakthroughs in future research include:the division pattern of satellite cells in the body;the mechanisms regulating satellite cell transfer;the specific timing of satellite cell differentiation or self-renewal in vivo;and the interaction mechanisms between satellite cells and skeletal muscle junctions.(5)This review may provide some theoretical reference values for the field of injury reconstruction of skeletal muscle and its innovation.

BACKGROUND:Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease,and its pathogenesis involves mitochondrial dysfunction.Exercise has a potential ameliorative effect on mitochondrial dysfunction related to Parkinson's disease,but there is no comprehensive review and in-depth analysis in this field. OBJECTIVE:To comprehensively review and analyze mitochondrial dysfunction related to Parkinson's disease and the potential ameliorative effect of exercise,thereby providing new ideas and methods for the treatment and prevention of Parkinson's disease. METHODS:We searched the Web of Science,PubMed,CNKI,WanFang,and VIP databases with the keywords of"mitochondria,mitochondrial function,mitochondrial disease,mitochondrial dysfunction,Parkinson's disease,Parkinson,exercise,physical activity,exercise training,exercise therapy,mitochondrial impairment,mitochondrial damage,mitochondrial defects"in Chinese and"mitochondria,Parkinson's disease,Parkinson disease,physical exercise,exercise,physical activity,mitochondrial dysfunction,mitochondrial damage,mitochondrial impairment,athletic training,exercise training,rehabilitation"in English.A total of 89 articles were included for review and analysis. RESLUTS AND CONCLUSION:Parkinson's disease is closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction,including mitochondrial biogenesis inhibition,reduced autophagy,increased apoptosis,abnormal elevation of Ca2+ concentration,and increased oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease patients.Exercise has a positive effect on mitochondrial dysfunction related to Parkinson's disease,by promoting mitochondrial biogenesisand autophagy,regulating mitochondrial morphology,altering the plasticity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain,and reducing oxidative stress,thus helping to improve the development and progression of Parkinson's disease.However,the detailed mechanism between mitochondrial dysfunction and the ameliorative effect of exercise is still not fully understood,and future clinical studies can be conducted to validate the results of animal models and gain insights into the benefits and mechanisms of exercise in patients with Parkinson's disease.