The preocular tear film has recently been described as a bilaminar structure,including lipid layer and aqueous/mucin gel layer.The lipid layer has two phases,a relatively thick outer layer,containing nonpolar lipids such as wax esters,sterol esters,hydrocarbons, and triglycerides;and a thin polar inner layer,predominantly consisting of phospholipids.It s confirmed that there are differences in meibomian fatty acid composition between healthy and evaporative dry eye patients.Thus,therapies targeted at replenishing or stabilizing the lipid layer are key points to the treatment of evaporative dry eye,either as monotherapy or in conjunction with therapies designed to enhance aqueous production.

Objective To develop a prediction model for functional gain in the activities of daily living (ADL) after stroke rehabilitation. Methods Logistic regression was applied to 896 patient records from two hospitals. Functional gains in ADL were measured using a modified Barthel index (MBI). Results Five parameters were screened in the logistic regression model. The equation was: Logit( P/Y =1)=6.259+1.048 ( first onset to admission interval)+1.242(MBI score at admission)+0.300(number of comorbidities)+1.095(retired cadre dummy)+ 0.906(worker dummy) + 1.384 (professional dummy). This formulation accounted for about 78% of the variance in the data. Conclusions MBI score at admission, the interval between first onset and admission, comorbidities, job status and occupation are the main factors predicting functional ADL gains after stroke. The model can be used to predict outcomes for individual stroke patients at admission to rehabilitation.

Objective o investigate the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of montelukast,a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 (CysLT1R) antagonist,on the delayed neuropsychological sequelae (DNS) in rat model of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and to explore the possible underlying mechanism.Methods A total of 90 rats were acclimated for one week prior to screening rat by Morris water maze test.Ten rats were randomly assigned to control group (Con group),and the remaining 80 rats were subjected to modified method of intraperitoneal injection of CO gas to establish animal model of acute CO poisoning,Thereafter,the survival rats randomized into CO poisoning group (Mod group),low-dose montelukast group (ML group),medium-dose montelukast group (MM group),high-dose montelukast group (MH group) (n =10 each).Montelukast was accordingly administered via intragastric tube at different intervals (30 min,4 h and 12 h) after CO poisoning,and then montelukast was administered every 12 hours for 7 consecutive days.The rats of control group and Mod group received equal volume of normal saline instead at given intervals.Twenty-one days after CO exposure,the average escape latency was measured by Morris water maze test to screen DNS rats followed by H-E staining to observe the pathological changes of cortex and hippocampal CA1 region and TUNEL was used to assess the apoptosis of neurons in cortex and hippocampal CA1 region after rats sacrificed.Results All CO-exposed rats exhibited cognition function lowered,and the escape latency (seconds) in Mod group (43.3 ± 15.5),ML group (31.5 ± 13.2) and MH groups (30.1 ± 12.2) was significantly prolonged compared with Con group (12.1 ± 3.0) (P ＜ 0.05),whereas the difference between MM group (15.0 ± 6.6) and Con group was statistically insignificant (P ＞ 0.05).Compared with Mod group,the escape latency in montelukast treatment groups was shortened,whereas the significant difference in escape latency only found between Mod group and MM group (P ＜ 0.05).Except for Con group,DNS was evident in CO-exposed groups,and the numbers of DNS rats in Mod,ML,MM and MH groups were 8,5,1,4,respectively,which made statistically significant differences to Con group (P ＜ 0.05) except MM group.The DNS incidence in MM group was lower than that in Mod group (P ＜ 0.05).Mod group exhibited severe histopathological injury to the brain,with evident apoptosis of neural cells,whereas in the groups with montelukast treatment,histopathological damage to the brain was mitigated and the number of apoptotic neuronal cells was diminished noticeably in MM group.Conclusion Montelukast can ameliorate the cognitive function of rats,decrease the incidence of DNS and reduce the apoptosis of neural cells as well as attenuate neuronal cell injury,thus exerting neuroprotection against DNS in rats with CO poisoning.

Interleukin 33 (IL 33),one member of the IL-1 family,is expressed in many types' tissue and regulation of multiple target cells via its suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) receptor.Therefore,the crucial roles of the novel cytokine IL-33 in allergic,endocrine diseases,infectious diseases and cancer are becoming characterized.The function of IL-33 in different parasite infection is distinctive in parasitic infections,due to the difference in pathogenic mechanism and in the time course of IL-33 expression.

Objective To investigate the clinical significance of changes in lipids and apolipoproteins (Apo) in type 2 diabetic patients and their normoglycemic first-degree relatives (NFDR). Methods Triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), ApoAⅠ, ApoB_ 100 , ApoCⅢ and ApoE were determined in 62 type 2 diabetic patients and 67 NFDR from 29 Chinese type 2 diabetic pedigrees as well as 45 normoglycemic controls without family history of diabetes (NC) in Chengdu city, China. Results (1)TG level was higher in type 2 diabetic patients 〔(1.85?1.31)mmol/L〕 as compared with those in NFDR 〔(1.39?0.91)mmol/L〕 and NC 〔(0.92?0.45)mmol/L〕, and TG level in NFDR was higher as compared with that in NC (all P

Objective To investigate the meridians and acupoints selection in the treatment of post-stroke spastic paralysis with Tuina (Chinese massage). Methods The literatures about Tuina therapy for post-stroke spastic paralysis were retrieved. The frequency of meridians and acupoints used was counted and analyzed. Results 99 papers were collected, which involved in 226 acupoints and 1602 times of application. The selected acupoints were distributed in all the fourteen meridians and 64.5% (1033/1602, 606 on upper limb, 427 on lower limb) of them were on the limbs. The acupoints of the Yang meridians was 75.0% (1200/1602) and the specific acupoints was 71.7% (1148/ 1602). Conclusion The acupoint selected was basically focused on the local areas in Tuina for post-stroke spastic paralysis, assisted with the involved meridians and distal acupoints. The acupoints of the Yang meridians were the first option, mainly on the extremities. The specific acupoints were the major components of the prescription, especially the Five-shu acupoints and the He acupoints.

Objective To explore the locating, parameter measurement and 3D display of nucleus accumbens in human brain in terms of digital anatomy .Methods The raw data of the head specimen of a 45-year-old male adult with 0.5mm as the section spacing was collected by using digital milling machine .Three hundreds images of continual cross sections containing brain were chosen and the segmentation of the caudate nucleus , putamen and nucleus accumbens was accomplished with Photoshop CS .The nucleus accumbens on the images of continual coronal section reconstruction were distinguished according to Harvard Medical School ’ s segment method to calculate the volume of nucleus accumbens and collect the correlative location information .The caudate nucleus , putamen and nucleus accumbens were 3D visualize with the software of Amira 3.1.1.Results The nucleus accumbens , the adjoining structure and the lesion target of nucleus accumbens were all clearly visible .The left nucleus accumbens volume was 972.5mm3 , and the right was 830.6mm3 .The 3D coordinate value was the left ( -11.0, 24.4, 1.3) and the right (9.3, 23.9, 1.7).Conclusion The digital anatomy of nucleus accumbens can distinctly display the nucleus accumbens , form and confirm it ’ s volume, location and adjoining area , which is useful to clinician .

Objective:To explore the validity of a function assessing tool based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health′s (ICF′s) rehabilitation set in assessing aging-related disability.Methods:A total of 1610 elderly people from 15 nursing homes across China were assessed using the tool based on the ICF′s rehabilitation set and with the 12-item short form health survey (SF-12). The structural validity of the responses was analyzed using factor analysis, and criterion-related validity was also evaluated.Results:The factor analysis yielded three factors with eigenvalues greater than 1. Their cumulative explanatory power was 74.4%. Item d550 eating had double loading in the factor analysis. The item scores and the total scores of the disability assessment tool were significantly negatively correlated with the physiological function domain scores and the psychological function domain scores.Conclusion:The function assessment tool based on the ICF′s rehabilitation set when combined with a numerical rating scale has good structural and criterion-related validity in the assessment of disability due to aging.

Objective:To investigate the reliability of a tool based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) in the assessment of functioning despite disability.Methods:A total of 371 patients were assessed using a tool based on the ICF rehabilitation set combined with a numerical rating scale ranging from 0 to 10. The internal consistency, inter-rater reliability and intra-rater reliability were analyzed.Results:The scale′s Cronbach′s alpha coefficient was 0.89. The inter-rater correlation coefficient was 0.85, and the correlations among the items ranged from 0.78 to 0.94. The intra-rater correlation coefficient with the scale was 0.95, with the item correlations ranging from 0.72 to 0.97. Only item b230 Hearing function did not correlate well.Conclusions:The functioning assessment tool based on the ICF rehabilitation set when combined with a numerical rating scale has internal consistency, inter-rater reliability and intra-rater reliability sufficient for use in clinical practice.

Objective To investigate the degradation of dicalcium phosphate dehydrate-coated Mg-Zn alloy in vivo and bone formation. Methods Left femoral condyles were drilled in 72 New Zealand rabbits, and were randomly divided into experiment group (n＝24, implanted with dicalcium phosphate dehydrate-coated Mg-Zn alloy rods), Mg-Zn alloy control group (n＝24, implanted with Mg-Zn alloy rods) and poly-L-lactide acid rod group (n＝24, implanted with poly-L-lactide acid rods). Serum concentrations of Mg~(2+) were examined 1 d pre-operation, and 1 d, 1 week, 2 weeks, 5 weeks and 10 weeks post-operation in experiment group and Mg-Zn alloy control group. Operation sites were examined by X-rays at 3, 6, 12 and 18 weeks post-operation. After X-ray examination at each time point, 6 rabbits in each group were sacrificed, and subjected to histopathological observation of live and kidney tissues by HE staining. Tissues from condyles of femur were observed by HE staining and 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol rosein staining, and mineral apposition rate of bone was calculated. Results There was no significant difference in the concentrations of serum Mg~(2+) at each time point between Mg-Zn alloy control group and experiment group (P>0.05). X-ray examination revealed gas emerged near the implants 3 weeks after surgery in Mg-Zn alloy control group. However, there was no obvious histological abnormality in liver and kidney tissues. The mineral apposition rate was higher and the degradation of material was lower in experiment group than those in the other two groups. Conclusion Dicalcium phosphate dehydrate-coated Mg-Zn alloy has a favourable biocompatibility, and degrades more slowly in vivo.