BACKGROUND: Environment pollution due to lead is severe day by day,and the lead-induced developmental toxicity of central nervous system is prominent.OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of lead at low exposure level on neurobehavioral function of preschool children and provide basis for preventing childhood behavior disorders.DESIGN: Sampling survey.SETTING: Department of Children and Adolescent Health, Public Health College, Sun Yat-sen University.PARTICIPANTS: Totally 211 children of 4-6 years (109 boys and 102girls) were enrolled from a kindergarten of a populated area of Zhuhai City by randomized cluster sampling from September to October 2004.METHODS: 20 mL peripheral blood of finger tip was collected. Blood lead was determined with graphite stove atomic absorption spectrometry.According to the amount of blood lead, the children were divided into high blood lead exposure group (＞100μg/L) and low blood lead exposure group (＜100μg/L). Furthermore, they were also assigned into ＜50 μg/L group, 50μg/L- group, 100μg/L- group, 150 μg/L- group, 250- μg/L group. Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and self-designed questionnaire (composed of possibly effective factor on children's neurobehavioral function, such as age, sex, cultivation, family background and so on) were applied, filled by their parents under the instruction of professional staffs. Results and blood lead value were analyzed with first order correlation and multiple factors stepwise regressive analysis.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①Blood lead level and each factor scores of CBCL, ②correlation analysis between blood lead value and behavioral factor score.RESULTS: A total of 211 questionnaires were sent out, and 211 were retrieved with 211 effective questionnaires. The effective rate was 100%. ①Score on externalizing and behavioral disorder rate in the high blood lead exposure group (13.28±6.26,18.26%) was significantly higher than those in the low blood lead exposure group (9.98±5.46,7.29%)( t=4.067 7,χ2=5.470, P＜0.05). There was insignificant difference in score on internalizing and total score of CBCL between the low and high blood lead exposure groups. ②The behavioral disorder rate of different blood lead level had significance (χ2=13.695,P＜0.01). The behavioral disorder rate in blood lead ≥ 150 μg/L was obviously higher than that of the former 3groups after further pairwise comparison (χ2 were 4.727, 6.261, 5.168;4.503, 5.911, 4.928, P＜0.05), which revealed that the child behavioral disorder rate markedly increased when the blood lead was ≥ 150 μg/L.③Blood lead logarithm value had positive correlation with the scores on hyperactivity, aggression and defiance (r=0.316 4,0.282 8,0.188 6,P ＜0.05), and had no correlation with obesity, desintegration, truculence and sexual questionnaire (r=0.102 4,0.094 2,0.118 3,0.092 6,P ＞ 0.05). ④After the stepwise regression analysis, the scores on hyperactivity, aggression and defiance factors were included in the regression equation. The results suggested that the effect of lead on child externalizing behavior still remained, and kept statistical meaning after confounding factors, such as controlling family and society, etc.CONCLUSION: Low-level lead exposure has adverse effects on externalizing behavior in preschool children.

Objective To investigate the meridians and acupoints selection in the treatment of post-stroke spastic paralysis with Tuina (Chinese massage). Methods The literatures about Tuina therapy for post-stroke spastic paralysis were retrieved. The frequency of meridians and acupoints used was counted and analyzed. Results 99 papers were collected, which involved in 226 acupoints and 1602 times of application. The selected acupoints were distributed in all the fourteen meridians and 64.5% (1033/1602, 606 on upper limb, 427 on lower limb) of them were on the limbs. The acupoints of the Yang meridians was 75.0% (1200/1602) and the specific acupoints was 71.7% (1148/ 1602). Conclusion The acupoint selected was basically focused on the local areas in Tuina for post-stroke spastic paralysis, assisted with the involved meridians and distal acupoints. The acupoints of the Yang meridians were the first option, mainly on the extremities. The specific acupoints were the major components of the prescription, especially the Five-shu acupoints and the He acupoints.

Objective To study the clinical value of using a four-point method (FP) in measuring joint angles.Method Methods Twenty-five subjects without knee dysfunction were studied.Every knee joint was tested in extension,below 90° of flexion and above 90° of flexion with the traditional three-point method (TP) and the new four-point method.X-rays were taken as a gold standard measurement.The reliability and validity were analyzed using Bland-Altman plots,which can yield 95% limits of agreement (LOA).Results (1) The joint axis centers moved with changes in joint angle.(2) The 95% LOA of inter-tester reliability was (-5.0,2.7) with the FP and (-6.5,4.4) with the TP.The 95% LOAs of intra-tester reliability were (-3.6,4.0) for tester A and (-4.1,4.8) for tester B with the FP,while (-5.0,6.4) for tester A and (-6.1,5.8) for tester B with the TP.(3) The 95% LOAs in the three positions were (3.5,2.6) in extension,(-3.3,3.6) in mild flexion and (-1.9,5.7) in greater flexion with the FP,and ( 6.8,1.1),(-4.0,7.1) and (0,8.5) with the TP.Conclusions The FP gives better reliability and validity than the TP in joint angle measurement.

Objective To study the changes of subgroups of peripheral blood T lymphocytes in the patients infected with the 2009 pandemic influenza A ( H1N1 ) virus of different severity type. Method A total of 66 patients infected by H1N1 evidenced by RT-PCR admitted from September 2009 to January 2010 were divided into three groups: mild type ( B group, n = 47 ), cured patients of severe and critical severe type ( C group, n = 14) and died patients ( D group, n =5), according to the severity and prognosis. A total of 20 healthy volunteers served as control group( A group). Peripheral blood lymphocyte count, CD3+,CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte count were detected by flow cytometry at the different time points. Fever duration and H1N1 virus negative time were compared. Statistical analysis were performed by using SAS version 9.13 software and the data were processed with ANOVA and SNK test. Results Lymphocyte count, CD3+,CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte count declined in the early period in all the groups, and there were significant differences compared with A group (P＜0. 05), while rised with the clinical progression in group B and C,and those of C group were lower than B group ( P ＜ 0.05 ), but those of D group were always low. Fever duration and H1N1 virus negative time were (4.4 ± 1.6) days vs. (4.4 ± 1. 4) days, ( 12.9 ± 3. 1 ) days vs.( 10.2 ± 2.6) days and ( 15.2 ± 7.3 ) days vs. ( 13.3 ± 2.9 ) days respectively, and there were significant differences among the three groups ( P ＜ 0.05 ). Conclusions The cellular immune function was seriously damaged when patients were infected with H1N1. Further more, the changes of lymphocyte count, CD3+ , CD4+and CD8+ T lymphocyte count were tightly related with the degree of severity and prognosis. These findings can be used for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To explore the expressions of apoptosis gene Bcl-2 (B-cell leukemia-2) and Bad (bcl-xl/bcl-2-associated death promoter) in lung tissue of mice with acute lung injury (ALI). Method Twenty-four BALB/C female mice were randomly divided into control saline group (n = 6) and ALI group (n = 18). The ALI Group was further divided into 3 subgroups with 6 mice in each subgroup: ALI (4 h) ,ALI (6h) ,and ALI (8h) subgroups. Rats in the normal control group received injection of saline. The ALI models were produced by in-jection of oleic acid (0.9 mL/kg) via vena caudalis, and the criteria were met with the characteristically pathologi-cal changes in the lung tissue. Pathological changes of the lung tissue were examined and scored under light mi-croscopy 4 h,6 h and 8 hours after injury. The expressions of gene Bcl-2 and gene Bad were detected in lung tissue at above set intervals by using RT-PCR. Data of these assays were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA with SPSS version 13.0 software. Statistical significance was established at a P value of less than 0.05. Results The rela-tive magnitude of Bel-2 expression in ALI (4 h), ALI (6 h) and ALI (8 h) subgroups were significantly higher (58.00±5.31), (42.00±4.30), (32.51±10.40) as compared with the control group (24.30±1.00) (F =68.581, P < 0.05). The relative magnitude of Bad expressions in ALI (4 h), ALI(6 h) and ALI (8 h) sub-groups were signiticantly higher (29.32±1.19), (58.64±4.45), (95.12±4.34)as compared with control group (4.01±0.34) (F = 386.902,P < 0.05). The pathological scores ofhmg injury in ALI(4h), ALI (6 h) and ALI (8 h) subgroups were significantly higher (1.82±0.14), (2.52±0.25), (3.45±0.29) as compared with control group (0.27±0.03) (F = 260. 512, P <0.05). Comparisons between groups showed statistical signifi-cances (P < 0.05). Conclusions The aggravation of lung injury induced by oleic acid in mice related to the down-regulation of apoptosis gene Bcl-2 expression and up-regulating apoptosis gene Bad expression in lung tissue.

BACKGROUND: At present, studies on repair of cartilage defect have been focused on tissue engineering technique. Growth factors are one of the most important parts. However, the effect and security of growth factors have not been confirmed. Studies have shown that Weilingxian can maintain and promote the synthesis of proteoglycan, collagen Ⅱof chondrocyte, and it also can promote proliferation of chondrocyte and expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 mRNA.OBJEGTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of injectable chitosan/β-glycerol phosphate (C/β-GP) encapsulating allograft chondrocytes on the repair of articular cartilage defects and the intervention effect and possible mechanisms of Weilingxian.METHODS: A 0.4-mm defect was established on knee articular cartilage. Expeirmental New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: Weilingxian, common culture media, and model groups. In the common culture media group, the samples were treated with C/β-GP and chondrocyte suspension (1 mL); at 2 days after gel injection, Weilingxian or common culture media (1 mL) were respectively given into joint cavity, once a day, for 7 successive days. The samples in the model group were not treated. Gross, histological (HE staining, TB staining), type Ⅱ collagen immunohistochemical, and Wakitani score examinations were performed on 6 and 12 weeks after surgery.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Defects of articular surface were well filled in Weilingxian and common culture media groups, and hyaline cartilage-like structure was formed. The surface flatness and degree of integration with surrounding tissue of Weilingxian group was better than common culture media group. Formation of cartilage-like and secretion of cartilage matrix and specificity of collagen type Ⅱ were found in histological slices. Defects in the model group were not repaired, while tissue proliferative degeneration was observed. Integration of.repair tissue with surrounding tissue, histology and amount of type Ⅱ collagen secretion in Weilingxian group were better than common culture media group. Wakitani scores of Weilingxian group and common culture media group were significantly lower than model group (P < 0.01), andscores of Weilingxian group was significantly lower than common culture media group (P<0.05). Injectable chitosan/β-glycerolphosphate gel encapsulating allograft chondrocytes could repair articular cartilage defects, and Weilingxian was able to promote the process of it, this manifested the role like growth factor in tissue engineering technique repairing articular cartilage defects.

BACKGROUND:Studies have shown that Weilingxian can maintain and promote the synthesis of proteoglycan and collagen Ⅱ of chondrocyte,and protect artlcular cartilage and postpone the development of osteoarthdtis by inhibiting the level of intedeukin-1(1L-1)possibly.OBJECTIVE:Based on the previous studies,to observe the effect of Weilingxian on the proliferation of rabbit knee articular chondrocyte and transforming growth factor-β1 mRNA expression,and then to explore the role and possible mechanism of Weilingxian in the treatment of osteoarthdtis.METHODS:Knee cartilage was shredded after harvested from New Zealand white rabbits under sterile conditions,and chondrocytes were isolated and cultured by the way Of enzymatic digestion.After identifying by toluidine blue staining,the third-passage calls in the logarithmic growth phase were cultured in vitro and randomly divided into two groups after adherence.The experimental groups were cultured in DMEM with 0.01,0.05,0.1,0.5,and 1.0 mg/mL Weilingxian,while the control group was given with normal medium alone.Chondrecytes morphology was observed under an inverted phase contrast microscope,and the phenotype was identified by toluidine blue staining;Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium(MTT)assay method was adopted to observe the influenca of Weilingxian with difierent concentrations on the proliferation of chondrocytes,and anti-transcription-polymerase chain-type reaction(RT-PCR)was used to assay the expression changes of transforming growth factor-β1 mRNA.RESULTS AND CONCLUSlON:Primary cultured chondrocyte was round-shaped,and most of It adhered after 24 hours,the appearance was polygonal and irregular-shaped;after passage,cell growth was faster than before,the typical appearance was slabstone-like;long spindle-shaped chondrocytes appeared after four generations;after six generations,most cells showed long spindle-shaped fibroblast-like appearance,the rate of growth also slowed down.Extracellular matrix of chondrocytes was stained to be blue by toluidine blue staining,and the nucleus was dark blue.Different concentrations of Weilingxian could promote the proliferation of chondrocytes,effect of 0.5 mg/mL group was significantly,and the peak of proliferation was on the third day.0.05,0.1,0.5,and 1.0 mg/mL Weilingxian group could promote the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 mRNA.and there was no significant difference between four groups(P＞0.05),but the peak was at 0.5 mg/mL group.Weilingxian can promote proliferation of chondrocyte and transfonlling growth factor-β1 mRNA expression,and these may be one of the possible mechanisms that Weilingxian can work in the treatment of osteoarthritis.

Objective:To determine the effect of pelvic floor electrical stimulation combined with conventional treatment on neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury.Methods:The Pubmed/Medline, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, CQVIP and Wanfang databases were electronically searched for reports published before April 2019 of randomized and controlled trials testing the effect of electrical stimulation of the pelvic floor on neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury. Meta-analysis of all the reports collected was performed.Results:Seven randomized and controlled trials with 319 patients were identified. Together they showed that compared with conventional treatment, pelvic floor muscle stimulation better increased bladder capacity and reduced the volume of residual urine. Average single urination output was increased, while the frequency of urination decreased along with episodes of urinary incontinence. Average lower urinary tract symptoms scores were also significantly better.Conclusions:Electrical stimulation of the pelvic floor combined with conventional therapy may be more effective than conventional therapy alone in alleviating the symptoms of neurogenic bladder.

Objective:To explore the validity of a function assessing tool based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health′s (ICF′s) rehabilitation set in assessing aging-related disability.Methods:A total of 1610 elderly people from 15 nursing homes across China were assessed using the tool based on the ICF′s rehabilitation set and with the 12-item short form health survey (SF-12). The structural validity of the responses was analyzed using factor analysis, and criterion-related validity was also evaluated.Results:The factor analysis yielded three factors with eigenvalues greater than 1. Their cumulative explanatory power was 74.4%. Item d550 eating had double loading in the factor analysis. The item scores and the total scores of the disability assessment tool were significantly negatively correlated with the physiological function domain scores and the psychological function domain scores.Conclusion:The function assessment tool based on the ICF′s rehabilitation set when combined with a numerical rating scale has good structural and criterion-related validity in the assessment of disability due to aging.