Objective To study the effect of ? interferon in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy. Methods From Jan 1988 to Jan 1998 ,46 cases of renal cell carcinoma were randomized into two groups: the interferon group treated by radical nephrectomy and ? interferon and the control group with radical nephrectomy alone. Results The T lymphocyte subsets CD 3,CD 4,CD 8,the ratio of CD 4/CD 8 were significantly different berfore and after treatment in the interferon group( P

Objective To study the volume of residual urine as related to the surgical indication for BPH. Methods Urodynamic study was carried out in 103 BPH patients who were assigned to group A (no residual urine),group B (residual urine0.05) but significantly different between group C and A or between B and A (P60 ml should be strictly followed.Early surgical intervention should be undertaken if the bladder ontlet obstruction or bladder function deteriorated by BPH causing residual uine.Other causes such as neurogenic should be ruled out before surgery.

OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of exogenous abscisic acid(ABA)on salt-alkali tolerance of Scrophularia ning-poensis seedlings,and to provide theoretic evidence for cultivating S. ningpoensis in salt-alkali soil. METHODS:50 S. ningpoensis seedlings were divided into control group,salt-alkali group(75 mmol/L),salt-alkali(75 mmol/L)+ABA low-concentration,medi-um-concentration and high-concentration groups(10,50,100 μmol/L),with 10 plants in each group. 20 days after transplanting, the plants were sprayed with drugs every 4 days. Growth indexes of the plants(length of stem,fresh weight,dry weight,survival rate),physiological indexes [the contents of chlorophyll,soluble sugar (SS),soluble protein (SP) and free proline (Pro)],the contents of MDA and H2O2,the activities of antioxidase [the activities of SOD,POD,CAT,GR] and the contents of Na+ and K+in stem and root were determined in each group 2 weeks later. RESULTS:Compared with control group,stem height and survival rate of S. ningpoensis seedlings,SP,the contents of Na+ and K+ in the stem,the contents of Na+,CAT and GR in the roots were all decreased significantly in salt-alkali group;while chlorophyll,Pro,MDA and H2O2 contents,the content of K+ in the roots and the activities of SOD and POD were all increased significantly(P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with salt-alkali group,stem height of S. ningpoensis seedlings,fresh weight and chlorophyll content were increased significantly in salt-alkali+ABA medium-concentra-tion group,while MDA and the content of Na+ in the stem were decreased significantly;dry weight,the contents of SS and SP, the activities of SOD and CAT were increased significantly in salt-alkali+ABA low-concentration and medium-concentration groups, while the SS content was increased in salt-alkali+ABA high-concentration group;stem height and dry weight were decreased signifi-cantly in salt-alkali+ABA high-concentration group;Pro content of salt-alkali+ABA low-concentration and high-concentration groups were decreased significantly;H2O2,Na+ content in the roots were decreased significantly in salt-alkali+ABA low-concentra-tion,medium-concentration and high-concentration groups;while GR activity,K+ content in the stem and roots were increased sig-nificantly;POD activity were decreased significantly in salt-alkali+ABA medium-concentration and high-concentration groups. CON-CLUSIONS:The addition of a certain concentration of exogenous ABA can effectively increase salt-alkali tolerance of S. ningpoen-sis seedlings and strengthen the ability of the plant adapting to salt-alkali environment.

OBJECTIVE:To study the resistance physiological responses of seedling of Scrophularia ningpoensis to the stress caused by saline and alkali at different concentrations. METHODS:The seedling of S. ningpoensis was placed in the illumination in-cubator,in which the temperature was maintained at(20±2)℃,light-dark cycle at 13 h/11 h and illumination intensity at 2 000 lx. The alkali (NaHCO3) of 50,100,150,200 and 250 mmol/L and the saline (NaCl) of 50,100,150,200 and 250 mmol/L were poured once every 4 days for 16 consecutive days. The growth indexes(plant height,fresh weight,dry weight),chlorophyll (Chl) content,antioxidative indexes [superoxide dismutase (SOD),catalase (CAT),peroxidase (POD),hydrogen peroxide (H2O2),malonaldehyde (MDA),membrane penetration (RMP)],and osmotic regulation physiological indexes [soluble sugar (SS),soluble protein(SP)and proline(Pro)] of the seedling were determined. There set a blank control group(distilled water). RESULTS:For saline concentration higher than 50 mmol/L and alkali concentration higher than 150 mmol/L,the seedling height, fresh weight and Chl content were lower;for saline concentration higher than 100 mmol/L and alkali concentration higher than 150 mmol/L,the dry weight of the seedling was lower. For saline concentration of 50 mmol/L and alkali concentration of 150 mmol/L, the activities of SOD and POD were the strongest;for saline concentration of 150 mmol/L and alkali concentration of 50 mmol/L, the activity of CAT was the strongest. The contents of H2O2 and MDA increased and the content of SP decreased with the increase in saline-alkali concentration. The level of RMP increased therewith,that is to say,membrane stability decreased. For saline concen-tration higher than 100 mmol/L and alkali concentration higher than 150 mmol/L,the accumulation of SS terminated;for saline and alkali concentrations higher than 100 mmol/L,the accumulation of Pro terminated,however,the content of Pro was markedly high-er in the above-said alkali concentration than in that saline concentration. CONCLUSIONS:Saline-alkali stress causes the tissues of S. ningpoensis to produce active oxygen and its cytoplasmic membrane system to be damaged. Chl,enzymatic antioxidants such as SOD,CAT and POD,and osmoprotectants such as Pro and SS can buffer saline-alkali stress to some degree. The maximum concen-trations of NaCl and NaHCO3 that seedling of S. ningpoensis can tolerate are 50 mmol/L and 150 mmol/L respectively.

AIM: To study the cell apoptosis and the change of microstructure and ultrastructure in epididymis with experimental varicocele (EVC) in rats. METHODS: Experimental varicocele model was induced by partial ligation of the left renal vein in adolescent Sprague-Dawley Wistar rats. Apoptotic cells were detected by in situ terminal deoxynucleotityl transferase-mediated dTUP nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique. The corpus epididymis of the rats was prepared for light and electron microscopic observation. The microstructure and ultrastructure of the epididymis were studied. RESULTS: There was certain proportion of apoptosis cells in epididymis cells in control rats. The incidence of apoptosis increased remarkably in experimental group than that in control group (P

Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided percutaneous puncturing gastric wall implantation of 125 I seeds in advanced pancreatic carcinoma . Methods Sixty-five cases ( 65 tumors ) of advanced pancreatic carcinoma implanted 125 I seeds by ultrasound-guided percutaneous puncturing gastric wall were retrospectively analyzed . The change of length diameter of tumor and pain relief were evaluated . Results The total 65 cases were performed successfully according to the preoperative plans . In the following 3 months after the operation ,the results showed that complete remission (CR) was achieved in 19 cases ,partial remission( PR) was 33 ,stable disease( SD) was 10 and the progressive disease ( PD) was 3 . The overall response rate was 80％ . About the relief of pain ,complete relief patients were 36 , partial response patients were 11 and the invalid patients were 5 . The pain relief rate was 90 .38％ . There were no bleeding ,pancreatic fistula ,biliary fistula ,gastric perforation which need to do the surgery therapy . Two cases of pancreatic pseudocyst occurred when reviewed in the third month after the operation . Conclusions It is effective and safe to adopt ultrasound-guided percutaneous puncturing gastric wall implantation of 125 I seeds in advanced pancreatic carcinoma .

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an ubiquitous environmental contaminant because of its extensive use in plastics and its persistence. As an environmental endocrine disruptor, it is suspected to interfere with neurodevelopment in people. However, evidence of the effects of maternal DEHP exposure on cerebellar development in offspring is scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate maternal exposure to DEHP and its effect on apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) and related mechanisms. Pregnant Wistar rats were administrated DEHP (0, 30, 300 and 750 mg/kg/d) by gavage from gestational day (GD) 0 to postnatal day (PN) 21. Primary CGCs were also exposed to mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), the main metabolite of DEHP, for 24 h with concentrations of 0, 25, 100 and 250 µM. The CGCs of male offspring from 300 and 750 mg/kg/d DEHP exposure groups showed significantly increased apoptosis. In addition, the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was inhibited in the male offspring of the 300 and 750 mg/kg/d DEHP exposure groups. However, effects on female pups were not obvious. Apoptosis was also elevated and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was inhibited after primary CGCs were exposed to MEHP. Furthermore, apoptosis was reduced after treatment with the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activator, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1, and increased after treatment with LY294002, an inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. These results suggested that maternal DEHP exposure induced apoptosis in the CGCs of male pups via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and the apoptosis could be rescued by IGF1 and aggravated by LY294002.
Apoptosis* ; Diethylhexyl Phthalate ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Maternal Exposure ; Plastics ; Rats, Wistar

Objective:To evaluate the effect of umbilical cord milking (UCM) on neonatal outcomes after cesarean section.Methods:Chinese and English databases (including CNKI, Wanfang, China Biology Medicine Disc, VIP, Yiigle, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar) and ClinicalTrials.gov were retrieved from the inception to July 2023. Randomized controlled trials regarding UCM in neonates from different races who were born by cesarean section were included. The outcomes were postnatal hemoglobin level, hematocrit value, peak serum bilirubin level, phototherapy, cord blood pH value, intraventricular hemorrhage, death, polycythemia, neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, and Apgar score. The risk of bias among the included studies was confined to low or possible risk according to the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool 2.0. RevMan5.3 was used for meta-analysis, and subgroup analysis was performed among neonates with different gestational ages. The certainty of evidence was evaluated using the grades of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) framework.Results:A total of 11 articles involving 2 347 neonates (1 322 full-term and 1 025 preterm infants) were included. Meta-analysis results showed that: (1) Compared with the immediate cord clamping, UCM increased the hemoglobin level within 24 h and 48-72 h after birth ( MD=1.40, 95% CI: 1.11-1.70, Z=9.32; MD=0.86, 95% CI: 0.69-1.02, Z=10.02, both P<0.01), hematocrit value within 24 h and 48-72 h after birth ( MD=2.73, 95% CI: 0.18-5.29, Z=2.09, P=0.04; MD=3.57, 95% CI: 2.29-4.85, Z=5.46, P<0.01). However, no significant differences were found in the peak bilirubin level, phototherapy, cord blood pH, and Apgar score at 1 and 5 min (all P>0.05). (2) Compared with delayed cord clamping, UCM increased the hemoglobin level ( MD=0.83, 95% CI: 0.75-0.91, Z=20.11, P<0.01) and hematocrit value ( MD=2.34, 95% CI: 1.25-3.43, Z=4.20, P<0.01) within 24 h after birth, but not in the hematocrit value at 48-72 h after birth ( MD=－0.38, 95% CI:－2.27-1.52, Z=0.39, P=0.70) or the peak bilirubin level ( MD=－0.65, 95% CI:－2.16-1.04, Z=0.69, P=0.49). Sensitivity analysis showed that for full-term neonates born by cesarean section, the peak bilirubin level in the UCM group was significantly lower than that in the delayed cord clamping group ( MD=－1.30, 95% CI:－2.26-0.34, Z=2.66, P<0.01). Still, the incidence of phototherapy, intraventricular hemorrhage (grade Ⅰ-Ⅳ), death, polycythemia, neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, and Apgar score at 1 min and 5 min showed no statistical differences (all P>0.05). Conclusions:UCM could increase the short-term postnatal hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in neonates born by cesarean section, which might prevent neonatal anemia in the short term without increasing the adverse neonatal outcomes. Little effects were observed on the peak bilirubin level, phototherapy, polycythemia, etc. More high-quality and large-sample randomized controlled trials are needed in the future.

More and more studies have been focusing on marginal donor livers, such as steatotic liver grafts, to alleviate donor shortage and reduce mortality from waiting lists. Poor tolerance of streatotic liver grafts often leads to primary graft nonfunction, early dysfunction, and postoperative vascular and biliary complications. Some studies have shown that moderate and severe macrosteatosis livers can be used for transplantation with rigorous selection of recipients. In this paper, techniques such as venous systemic oxygenated persufflation, hypothermic oxygenated perfusion, subnormothermic machine perfusion, normothermic machine perfusion, improved liver quality, and steatotic liver grafts transplantation were discussed.

OBJECTIVE To provide reference for the construction of remote inspection mode of pharmaceutical production in China. METHODS By combing the guidance documents of remote inspection and related pilots issued abroad， the experience of constructing remote inspection mode of pharmaceutical production was summarized. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS Typical foreign countries and regions have carried out remote inspection pilots all over the world， and clearly defined the application situation， implementation process， inspection techniques and related points for attention of remote inspection of pharmaceutical production. In terms of application， the European Union pointed out four specific applicable situations， including travel restrictions， while the United States stipulated that remote inspection was applicable to pre-approved inspection and so on. In terms of the implementation process， the United States developed a four-step method of remote inspection， while the European Union has defined the specific implementation process of remote inspection in more detail. In comparison， Japan paid more attention to the remote inspection process of production documents. In terms of inspection techniques， the European Union used 360° cameras， Matterport 3D technology and document review software to realize the remote inspection of production sites and production documents. In terms of attention points for remote inspection， the United States required that access rights should be set for information sharing to avoid information disclosure. Both the European Union and the United States required inspectors to be trained and equipment inspected before remote inspection. It is suggested that China should formulate unified guidelines for remote inspection of pharmaceutical production， clarify the applicable situations， and formulate the implementation process of remote inspection of pharmaceutical production with reference to the opinions of drug manufacturers. In addition， intelligent remote inspection technology can be used in combination with the information construction level of drug manufacturers， and remote inspection training program can be formulated to cultivate professional remote inspection team.