The accessibility of drugs is the fundamental condition for achieving the universal health care, and price is the important factor of accessibility.It is essential to have a national price negotiations mechanism for the patented drugs and for exclusive production of drugs.As for the regular works, the national price negotiations mechanism should be ruled by law, while rules and regulations should be formulated accordingly.This paper discusses the specific content and the clarification of the legislative principle of legal framework for the negotiations, main roles, and selection of objects, procedure, results and application of the negotiations.It also analyses the existing problems are analyzed, and put forward the future legislation and corresponding rules.

Herbicides ; poisoning ; Humans ; Paraquat ; poisoning ; Poisoning ; complications ; therapy

Objective To assess the effects ofberberine on autophagy in C3H10T1/2 adipocytes.Methods C3H10T1/2 cells,a pluripotent stem-cell line of mesodermal origin,were induced to differentiate into mature adipocytes,and then were treated with berberine,The expression of autophagy marker protein LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ and autophagy substrate P62 was determined by Western blot ; after treating C3 H 10T1/2 cells with berberine and lysosomal inhibitor,chloroquine,autophagy flux was assessed by Western blot.Autophagosome was observed by transmission electron microscopy after berberine treatment.Results (1) After berberine treatment,the expression of LC3 Ⅱ / Ⅰin C3H10T1/2 adipocytes was reduced and P62 was increased in a time-and dose-dependent manner(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01) ; (2) Following treatment with chloroquine and berberine,the protein level of LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ was decreased (P＜0.05); (3) The number of autophagosome was decreased apparently after berberine treatment.Conclusions Berberine inhibits autophagy in C3H10T1/2 adipocytes.

Objective To compare the expressions of Beclin 1 and its 11 interacting proteins in subcutaneous fat and visceral fat,and to observe the expressions of these genes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes differentiation process.Methods In 3T3-L1 adipocytes,cells were harvested at day 0,2,4,6,8 in differentiation process,and then proteins or mRNAs were obtained and followed with Western blot and realtime PCR.Mice tissue proteins or mRNAs were detected with Western blot and realtime PCR.Results In 3T3-L1 adipocytes differentiation process,expressions of LC3,Beclin 1,and TNFAIP3 continued to rise,expression of BIRC5 was high to low,FEZ1 continued at a low level.In mice,expressions of LC3,Beclin 1,YWHAQ,FEZI,BAD,WAC,TNFAIP3,and GOPC in visceral fat were significantly higher than those in subcutaneous fat,while expression of SLAMF1was higher in subcutaneous fat.Conclusion Autophagy plays an important role in 3T3-L1 differentiation process and may be tissue-specific in visceral fat and subcutaneous fat.

Biomarkers ; blood ; Brain ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Brain Edema ; etiology ; pathology ; Child ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Electroencephalography ; Guillain-Barre Syndrome ; complications ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome ; complications ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Radiography

Objective To study the influence of different routes of keyhole limpet hemocyanin ( KLH) immuniza-tion on the T-cell-dependent antibody response in mice.Methods SPF Kunming mice were divided into four groups: the intravenous injection group, subcutaneous injection group, intraperitoneal injection group and control group.Each mouse was injected 200 μg KLH intravenously, subcutaneously or intraperitoneally daily for consecutive 10 days, respectively. Mice in the control group were given solvent injection only.Serum concentration of IgG stimulated by KLH antigen was measured 7 days after the last dosing.Spleen was isolated to calculate the organ coefficient and examined by pathology u-sing hematoxylin and eosin staining.Results Intravenously, subcutaneously and intraperitoneally administered KLH stimu-lated the generation of secondary lymphoid follicles and germinal center to varying degrees, B cell apoptosis, increased a-mount of cells in the marginal zone and other pathological changes were observed in the spleen.Intravenous and intraperito-neal administration of KLH led to more pronounced pathological changes compared with that in the subcutaneous injection group.All of the three administration routes of KLH induced generation of IgG antibody, significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05).Intravenous injection of KLH generated the highest concentration of IgG and organ coefficient among the three administration routes ( P<0.05) .Conclusions Different immunization routes do affect the production of IgG antibody, organ coefficient and pathological changes in the spleen, and these differences should be taken into consider-ation when analyzing the T cell dependent antibody response in mice.

Aim To study the inhibitory effects of gambogenic acid in combination with miR-218 on cervical cancer HeLa cells and its mechanisms.Methods Eukaryotic expression vector of miR-218(pmi8-218) was transfected into HeLa cells.Transcript levels of miR-218 were quantified by real-time quantitative PCR.HeLa cells were incubated with different concentrations of gambogenic acid alone or in combination with pmiR-218.The cell growth inhibiting ratio of HeLa cells was assessed by MTT assay.Cell apoptosis was measured by fluorescence activated cell sorting.The expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax and E-cadherin were measured by Western blot and qRT-PCR.Results Levels of miR-218 transcript significantly increased in pmiR-218 transfected HeLa cells.Overexpression of miR-218 may enhance the sensitivity of HeLa cells to gambogenic acid.Over expression of miR-218 could enhance the effect of gambogenic acid on inhibition cell proliferation, promoting apoptosis of HeLa cells.pmiR-218 could enhance the regulation of Bax expression and decrease the expression of Bcl-2 in HeLa cells.Conclusions Over expression of miR-218 may enhance the sensitivity of HeLa cells to gambogenic acid;miR-218 can enhance the effect of gambogenic acid on inhibition cell proliferation and promote the apoptosis of HeLa cells, and the mechanism may be related to down-regulation of Bcl-2/Bax expression.

AIM:To study the effect of different surgeries for vision and postoperative complications in leprosy patients with lagophthalmos.METHODS:A retrospective analysis.Totally 68 leprosy patients (97 eyes) with lagophthalmos were selected who treated with different surgeries during May 2007 to September 2015 in our sanatorium.The surgeries included nylon thread correction surgery, tarsorrhaphy, temporalis transposition surgery.We observed and compared the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA) and the rate of postoperative complications, such as epiphora, lacrimal duct injury, hard to open eyes, infection at the inner and lateral canthus and scar formation of lacrimal apparatus.RESULTS:The effect on BCVA of patients treated with nylon thread correction surgery and tarsorrhaphy:the preoperative and postoperative BCVA was significantly different of the two groups (Z=-4.193,-4.213;P<0.05);the preoperative and postoperative BCVA was not significantly different of the patients underwent temporalis transposition surgery (Z=-1.532, P >0.05).The postoperative complications:(1) epiphora:there was 91% in patients underwent nylon thread correction surgery, 89% in patients underwent tarsorrhaphy, 59% in patients underwent temporalis transposition surgery, the difference was statistically significant (χ2=12.198, P<0.05);(2) lacrimal duct injury:there was 66% in patients underwent nylon thread correction surgery, 95% in patients underwent tarsorrhaphy, 41% in patients underwent temporalis transposition surgery, the difference was statistically significant (χ2=22.415, P<0.05);(3) hard to open eyes:there was 56% in patients underwent nylon thread correction surgery, 55% in patients underwent tarsorrhaphy, 22% in patients underwent temporalis transposition surgery, the difference was statistically significant (χ2=8.795, P<0.05);(4) infections:there was 84% in patients underwent nylon thread correction surgery, 3% in patients underwent tarsorrhaphy, 11% in patients underwent temporalis transposition surgery, the difference was statistically significant (χ2=60.858, P<0.05).CONCLUSION:There are certain clinical efficacy for lagophthalmos caused by leprosy after surgery, especially patients after temporalis transposition surgery can close eyes by oneself.And their vision does not change significantly, which suggests that this surgery may prevent exposure injury for cornea.But the iatrogenic injury, the vision decrease in patients underwent other surgeries and the ocular tissue damage, such as epiphora, lacrimal duct injury, hard to open eyes, infection at the inner and lateral canthus and scar formation of lacrimal apparatus should be pay more attention to.

AIM: To observe the morphologic changes of of filtration blebs after trichostatin A treatment in an experimental glaucoma filtration surgery ( GFS) .
METHODS:Subconjunctival injection TSA, mitomycin C ( MMC) and PBS during the filtering surgery in rabbits. The morphologic changes of filtration blebs were evaluated by Krofeld score method postoperatively days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28.
RESULTS: TSA induced filteation bleds were elevated diffusely within 14d and cystic blebs formed 28d, filtration bleb score was significantly higher in TSA group than that in PBS group.
CONCLUSION: TSA can keep the aqueous humor outflow by inhibiting scar formation and prolong the existence of the filtration bleb.

Objective To explore the current status of humanistic care among medical students in clinical practice in obstetrics and gynecology department and its related influencing factors and to propose the corresponding countermeasures.Methods Scale of humanistic care quality was used in the survey for clinical practice students in obstetrics and gynecology department.ResultsThe total score rate of human care quality of medical students before clinical teaching were (84.12 ± 9.24)with a scoring rate of 72％.Significant differences were observed in the medical students with different medical professional(P ＜0.05).The total score of humanistic care quality of medical students after clinical teaching were (96.41 ± 1 1.53 ),significant higher than that of before training ( P ＜ 0.05 ).ConclusionHumanistic care quality in medical students needs to be strengthen.Clinical training in obstetrics and gynecology department combined with humanities education has important practical significance to improve the quality of medical students.