ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence and distribution characteristics of dental fluorosis of children aged 8 - 12 in Wushan and Fengjie counties of Chongqing and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of the disease.MethodsTwenty townships(towns) in Fengjie county and 18 in Wushan county were selected as survey points by random cluster sampling in 2010.Dental fluorosis of all the children aged 8 - 12 was examined with Dean index.The detection rate of children's dental fluorosis,defect rate and dental fluorosis index were compared between the two counties.Results Totally 38 209 children aged 8 - 12 were investigated.The total detection rate of dental fluorosis was 43.09％( 16 466/38 209) in the two counties.The detection rates of dental fluorosis in Wushan and Fengjie were 48.98％ (9397/19 186)and 37.16％(7069/19 023),respectively,and the difference was statistically significant(x2 =544.03,P ＜ 0.01 ).Total detection rates of dental fluorosis of the five age groups(8,9,10,11,and 12-year-old age groups) were 32.52％(2157/6632),40.07％(2672/6668),43.67％(3420/7831 ),46.01％ (3861/8391) and 50.14％ (4356/8687),respectively,and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =510.50,P ＜ 0.01),Dental fluorosis indexes in Wushan and Fengjie were 0.713 and 0.485,respectively.Defect rates of dental fluorosis in Wushan and Fengjie were 4.05％ (777/19 186) and 1.57％(298/19 023),respectively.Conclusions The total detection rate of dental fluorosis of the two counties is still high,which gradually increases with age.Wushan is still an endemic area of dental fluorosis,and Fengjie is at the edge of the

OBJECTIVETo study the change and relationship among bone mineral density (BMD), collagen composition and biomechanical properties of the callus in the healing process of osteoporotic fracture.

METHODSThe osteoporotic rat model and fracture model were established through bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) and osteotomy of the middle shaft of the right hind tibiae, respectively. Ninety female SD rats were randomly divided into OVX group and sham group. With the samples of blood and callus, roentgenographic and histological observation were performed for the assessment of the healing progress of the fracture, and the serum concentration of TRAP-5b, proportion of type I collagen, BMD and biomechanical properties of the callus were measured.

RESULTSThe OVX group experienced a significant delay of fracture healing. The mean serum concentration of TRAP-5b of rats in the OVX group was much higher than that in the sham group after the operation (P less than 0.05), but the difference at the same time point after fracture was smaller than that before fracture (P less than 0.05). The BMD of the callus in both groups reached the peak value at the 6 th week after fracture while the proportion of the type I collagen and the biomechanical strength reached the peak at the 8th week.

CONCLUSIONSThe deficiency of estrogen after the ovariectomy could induce the up-regulation of the osteoclasts activities, whereas the potency of further activation after fracture was depressed. Although the synthesis of collagen together with its mineralization determines the biomechanical properties of new bone, the accumulation of collagen could be assessed as an index in the prediction of biomechanical strength of bones independent of the bone mineral deposition.

Acid Phosphatase ; blood ; Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Bone Density ; Bony Callus ; physiology ; Collagen ; chemistry ; Collagen Type I ; blood ; Fracture Healing ; physiology ; Isoenzymes ; blood ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

OBJECTIVETo study the preparative method of controlled release microspheres incorporating basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and the bioactivities of bFGF, which were released from bFGF microspheres, on the cultured Schwann cells.

METHODSbFGF was microcapsulated with the multiple emulsion encapsulative method using polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) as coating material. Its morphology, particle size distribution, drug loading, enveloping rate and in vitro release property were studied. The cultured Schwann cells were grouped according to the different ingredients being added to the culture medium of bFGF group or bFGF-PLGA group. Then the cytometry, cytoactivity detection and mitotic cycle analysis of Schwann cells were performed.

RESULTSThe morphology and the particle size distribution of the bFGF-PLGA microspheres were even and good. The drug loading and enveloping rate of microspheres were (27.18 x 10(-3))%+/-(0.51 x 10(-3))% and 66.43%+/-1.24%. The release property of microspheres in vitro was good and the overall release rate was 72.47% in 11 days. The in vitro cellular study showed that: at the first 2 days of plate culture, the cell number and viability of the bFGF group were statistically higher than the bFGF-PLGA group; at the 3rd and 4th days of plate culture, the cell number and viability of bFGF and bFGF-PLGA groups showed no difference; at the 6th and 8th days of the plate culture, the cell number and viability of the bFGF-PLGA group were statistically higher than the bFGF group. By flow cytometry examination, at the 2nd day of plate culture, the G2/M+S percentage of bFGF group was statistically higher than the bFGF-PLGA group, at the 4th and 8th days of plate culture, the G2/M+S percentage of the bFGF-PLGA group was statistically higher than the bFGF group.

CONCLUSIONSIt is practical to prepare the bFGF-PLGA microspheres with the multiple emulsion encapsulative method. bFGF-PLGA microspheres can preserve the bioactivities of bFGF effectively and promote the proliferation of Schwann cells in a long period because of the controlled release of bFGF from the microspheres.

Animals ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Microspheres ; Rabbits ; Schwann Cells

Aim To study the mechanisms of the pro-tective effect of procyanidin B2 ( PCB2 ) on the myocar-dial cell apoptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide ( LPS) . Methods Using the primary culture rat myo-cardial cells, myocardial cell injury model was induced by LPS. PCB2 low, medium and high dose groups, were cultured with 6. 25 , 12. 5 , 25. 0 μmol · L-1 PCB2 respectively in DMEM medium for 24 h continu-ously. Myocardial cell survival rate was determined by MTT colorimetric method. Cardiacmyocyte NOX activi-ty was determined by lucigen chemiluminescence meth-od . Western blot analysis was used to detect myocardi-al NADPH oxidase p47phox expression. TUNEL method was used to detect apoptosis and flow cytometry was used to determine the content of myocardial cells ROS. Results Compared with control group, the cell dam-age induced by LPS group myocardial cell survival rate significantly decreased ( P <0. 01 ) , and myocardial cell NOX activity, p47phox expression, apoptotic cell number and ROS content were significantly increased (P<0. 01). PCB2 low, medium and high dose groups cell survival rates were significantly elevated, myocar-dial cell NOX activity and p47phox expression, apoptotic cell number and the ROS content decreased significant-ly in a dose-dependent manner ( P <0. 01 ) . Conclu-sion PCB2 protects myocardial cell apoptosis induced by LPS via inhibiting the expression of NADPH oxidase activation, p47phox expression and reactive oxygen spe-cies generation.

Aim To explore the protective effects of LPPC ( procyanidins extracted from the litchi pericarp) on cardiomyocyte apoptosis in septic rats and its mech-anisms. Methods The rats were randomly divided in-to 5 groups, and were given orally the drug for two weeks continuously. The control group ( control) and sepsis model group ( LPS ) were given distilled water once a day. LPPC low, medium and high dose groups were given LPPC 50 , 100 , 200 mg · kg-1 · d-1 re-spectively which were prepared freshly every day. After the treatment, sepsis animal models were established. Except for the control group, other groups were injec-ted LPS (lipopolysacchride, 10mg·kg-1) intraperito-neally to induce acute sepsis model. 4hrs later, rat se-rum was collected, isoenzyme ( CK-MB ) , lactate de-hydrogenase ( LDH ) and activity of aspertate amin-otransferase ( AST/GOT) were detected. Then rat car-diac tissue was obtained and cardiac tissue malondial-dehyde ( MDA ) , total antioxidant capacity ( T-AOC ) and reduced glutathione ( GSH ) content were deter-mined. TUNEL staining was performed to analyze the apoptosis of myocardial cells. Cleaved caspase-3 and TNF alpha protein expressions were analyzed by West-ern blot. Results Compared with the control group ( control) , serum of sepsis model group rats CK-MB, LDH, AST/GOT and cardiac tissue MDA content were significantly increased (P<0. 01). At the same time, the activity of cardiac tissue T-AOC and GSH de-creased obviously ( P<0. 01 ) . The apoptotic myocar-dial cells increased significantly ( P<0. 01 ) , and the expression level of cleaved caspase-3 and TNF alpha decreased obviously ( P <0. 01 ) . LPPC pretreatment significantly decreased the serum CK-MB, LDH, AST/GOT and tissue MDA content, increased tissue T AOC and GSH activity, attenuated apoptosis of rat myocardi-al cells significantly, and decreased expression level of cleaved caspase-3 and TNF alpha. Conclusion LPPC pretreatment can significantly attenuate rat myocardial cell apoptosis induced by sepsis, and the underlying mechanisms may be related to its anti-oxidative effects.

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis salpingitis (CTS) and fibrosis.

METHODA mouse model for CTS was estahlished in C3H/He by intravaginal inoculation. after 3 weeks mice were randomly divided into 3 groups. Only Azithromyxin was given orally, Azithromyxin and early S. miltiorrhiza given, or Azithromyxin and later S. miltiorrhiza given. After 10 weeks, observe the change of oviduct of mice, observe the histopathologic change and analysis collagen histochemical index.

RESULT3 Treatment groups induce tubal occlusion and hydrosalpinx decreased and the collagen histochemical index decreased significantly than those of no treatment given (P < 0.05). Early S. miltiorrhiza given group induce tubal occlusion and hydrosalpinx decreased and the collagen histochemical index decreased significantly than only Azithromyxin group or later S. miltiorrhiza given group (P <0.05).

CONCLUSIONWhen we treat CTS genital infection with Azithromyxin, if we can give S. miltiorrhiza treatment as early as possible, it may decrease tubal occlusion and hydrosalpinx. significantly inhibit fibrosis maybe one of its pharmacologic mechanismin.

Animals ; Chlamydia Infections ; complications ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Chlamydia trachomatis ; drug effects ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; therapeutic use ; Fallopian Tube Diseases ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Fallopian Tubes ; drug effects ; pathology ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C3H ; Phytotherapy ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Random Allocation ; Salpingitis ; complications ; drug therapy ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; chemistry

OBJECTIVEEssential hypertension may begin at childhood. The aim of this study is to identify the risk factors of hypertension and detect the evolvement tracking of blood pressure in childhood.

METHODSIn this study, we followed up blood pressure changes in 4623 school children (6 - 15 years-old) from 1987 to 2005 in Hanzhong rural area. A total of 152 children were grouped to higher blood pressure group [systolic blood pressure (P(SBP)) >or= 75(th) (P(75))] and 140 children grouped to normal blood pressure group [P(SBP) < 50(th) (P(50))] and their blood pressure were re-measure 18-years later.

RESULTSThe total follow-up rate was 70.2%. Follow-up blood pressure was significantly higher in higher blood pressure group at baseline than that in normal blood pressure group at baseline (P < 0.05). The hypertension rate at follow up was significantly higher in higher blood pressure group at baseline than that in normal blood pressure group at baseline (28.0% vs. 4.1%, P < 0.01). The risk for hypertension was 6.88 greater in higher blood pressure group at baseline than that in normal blood pressure group at baseline.

CONCLUSIONSHigher blood pressure at childhood is a risk of developing hypertension at adulthood.

Adolescent ; Blood Pressure ; physiology ; Blood Pressure Determination ; Child ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hypertension ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVETo fabricate a rapid prototyping (RP) 3-D image models for individual reconstruction of orbital bony loss.

METHODSThe skull was placed on a helical CT scanner table and the Frankfort plane was perpendicular to the table. The CT data was obtained by a Aquilion (TOSHIBA, Japan) with 1 mm thickness section in spiral mode. By adjusting of CT threshold value and pixels in order to stack the segmental defects, we obtained an approximate 3-dimension visual model of the scanned skull using MedGraphics software. An orbital RP model based on the dataset of the 3-dimension visual model was fabricated by RP machine. Both 3-dimension visual model and RP model were measured against the skull with several anatomic landmarks to examine the accuracy of the models, and the errors were analysed.

RESULTSIntegrity precision rapid RP models of the orbital region were reconstructed. The anterior orbital rim, middle orbital section and posterior orbital section were all fabricated. Optic foramen, superior orbital fissure, infraorbital foramen, inferior orbital fissure, lacrimal sac socket and naso-lacrimal duct were shown clearly. But some fine hole and slot, such as the anterior ethmoidal foramen, posterior ethmoidal foramen and zygomaticofrontal suture were not obviously seen. The mean difference between the 3-dimension visual model and the skull was 0.10 +/- 1.02mm. For the RP and dry skull, the mean difference was 0.22 +/- 1.04mm. There were no statistical differences between them.

CONCLUSIONSIntegrity precision orbital RP models were fabricated which fulfilled the requirements of the individual reconstruction with bony orbital pathologic changes. The keys to fabricate the precision orbital RP models included a closer cooperation between the surgeon and engineer, thin CT slice in 1mm thick and an appropriated threshold value. Better results for the orbital deformities should be achieved for the contour of orbital region or eye function.

Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; methods ; Models, Anatomic ; Orbit ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; Radiography

OBJECTIVEReal-time RT-PCR, cell culture and embryonated eggs culture for influenza detection were compared by analyzing the data of influenza surveillance in Shenzhen in second half of 2009.

METHODS1092 clinical samples (throat swabs) collected during second half of 2009 were tested by real-time RT-PCR, cell culture and embryonated eggs culture, and the results were analyzed by statistical methods.

RESULTSThe positive rate were 54.21%, 27.11% and 16.21% using real-time RT-PCR, cell culture and embryonated eggs culture, and the sensitive were 100%, 50% and 29.9%. The lowest dilutions of virus detected by real-time RT-PCR were 10(-2) TCID50/ml.

CONCLUSIONThe sensitive of real-time RT-PCR was higher than culture and the specificity was also very high. It was more suitable for emergency detect. The sensitive of cell culture for H3N2 subtype was higher, and sensitive of embryonated eggs culture for type B was higher.

Animals ; Chick Embryo ; Humans ; Orthomyxoviridae ; isolation & purification ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Virus Cultivation ; methods

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of Shouwu-Huanjing Recipe(SWHJR) medicated serum on human sperm motility and fertility in vitro.

METHODSHuman sperm was co-cultured with SWHJR medicated serum in vitro. Human sperm motility was evaluated by computer-assisted semen analysis(CASA). The acrosome reaction and the capability of penetrating zona-free hamster eggs were also observed.

RESULTSThe co-cultured SWHJR medicated serum significantly increased the sperm motion velocity(VAP, VCL, VSL) (P < 0.01), the amplitude of lateral head movement (ALH) and the beat frequency of flagellum(BCF), the density of progressive motility sperms (P < 0.05), the acrosome reaction rate(P < 0.001), the fertilization rate(FR) and the fertilization index (FI) in sperm penetration assay(SPA) test (P < 0.01). The stimulation of SWHJR medicated serum occurred in dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSIONSWHJR can improve human sperm motility and fertility.

Acrosome Reaction ; Animals ; Cricetinae ; Fertility ; drug effects ; Humans ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Mesocricetus ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sperm Motility ; drug effects