The establishment animal model of Graves’ disease contributes to the study of etiology, pathogenesis and therapeutic modalities. After decades of studies and making improvements, the method of building mice model of Graves’disease has achieved a great development. Although there were many reports of animal model building in Graves’disease, as a mature technology A-subunit of thyrotropin receptor( TSHR)-expressing adenovirus was used to establish Graves’disease mice model, which has been accepted widely because of its high efficacy.

The authors reviewed the development process of the concept of assessment augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) from focusing on prerequisite skills to communication needs and participation, introduced the team assessment and current three assessment models, including maximal assessment, criteria-based assessment and predictive assessment. Some factors which must be considered in all models were also given in this paper. The content and procedure of one most popular model were introduced in detail. The problems exsited in the application of AAC and the further development of AAC assessment were discussed.

Objective: Executive dysfunction is a typical characteristic of vascular cognitive impairment(VCI),with subcortical ischemia as its pathological basis.The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of event-related potential of visual-spatial working memory based on ischemic white matter lesions,and offer more electrophysiological evidence for the evaluation of VCI.Methods: We included in this study 24 patients with ischemic white matter lesions(13 mild and 11 severe cases) and 12 elderly healthy controls,and induced event-related potentials(ERP) of visual-spatial working memory from the delayed matching-to-sample task in all the participants.Results: Three waves were identified: N330,P420 and late negative component. On the two-ball-load,the N330 amplitude in the middle frontal,right frontal and occipital lobe was significantly smaller in the mild and severe lesion groups(P

Objective To establish stable Graves disease (GD) mice models with immunization and electroporation (EP).Methods Fifty mice were divided into 3 groups by random number table method:experimental group (n =30),control group (n =10),blank group (n =10).Recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1/hTSHR268 was constructed and injected to bilateral gastrocnemius in experimental group mice on the 1st,4th,7th and 10th week.The same volume of normal saline was injected in the control group and blank group at the same time.Both experimental group and control group were subjected to EP at the same time and the same location to enhance immunization.Serum T4 was tested with radioimmunoassay.TRAb N-terminal (TRAb N) and TRAb C-terminal (TRAb C) antibodies were tested with ELISA.Whole body 99TcmO4-imaging was performed and then thyroid morphology and pathology were investigated.Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and the least significant difference (LSD) t test.Results GD BALB/c mice models were built successfully (80％,24/30).Serum T4 increased from (16.06±5.16) nmol/L at the basic level to(95.04±68.92) nmol/L on the 12th week(F=18.906,t=-5.598,P＜0.05).Serum TRAb N antibody increased from (0.006±0.002) U/L at the basic level to (0.251±0.110) U/L on the 12th week(F=47.491,t=-10.869,P＜0.05).Serum TRAb C antibody increased from (11.176±2.635)×103 arbitrary unit (AU)/L at the basic level to (46.395±22.001)× 103 AU/L on the 12th week(F=14.642,t =-7.787,P＜0.05).On the 18th week serum T4,TRAb N and TRAb C decreased to (36.64±23.68) nmol/L,(0.094±0.053) U/L and (24.456±6.725)× 103 AU/L respectively,which were still higher than those preimmune levels(t=-4.161,-8.085,-9.008,all P＜0.05).There were no significant change of T4,TRAb N and TRAb C in the control group and blank group.After 4 times of immunization,the 99TcmO4-uptake by thyroids in immunized mice increased.The thyroid glands of immunized mice showed enlargement.Microscope examination showed that there were lymphocytes infiltration,colloid decrease and epithelial cell proliferation in thyroids of immunized mice.Conclusion GD mice models were successfully established by injecting recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1/hTSHR268 and EP.

Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pharynx ; pathology ; Pyriform Sinus ; Thyroglossal Cyst ; surgery

Bicuspid ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; pathology ; Humans ; Mandible ; Root Canal Therapy

Acute Disease ; Atropine ; therapeutic use ; Cholinergic Antagonists ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Organophosphate Poisoning ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide ; therapeutic use

Objective By making models of premature animal,explores the effects of dexamethasone on the brain development of premature rats and its mechanisms.Methods Eighteen SD rats were randomly divided into high-dexamethasone(H-Dex) group,low-dexamethasone (L-Dex) group and normal saline(NS) control group,with 6 rats in each group.The pregnant rats in L-Dex group were injected with dexamethasone [0.1 mg/(kg·d)] from 16 to 18 days of pregnancy,while the pregnant rats in H-Dex group were injected with dexamethasone [0.5 mg/(kg· d)] ; the pregnant rats in NS control group were injected with 0.9％ NaCl of the same volume.All of the fetal rats were received after administrating caesarean operation on the day 19 of pregnancy.Rats were sacrificed at the directed time and brain tissue was prepared.Histological feature and the water content of the brains were observed.Level of apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry.The expressions of myelin basic protein (MBP) and interleukin(IL)-1β in brain tissue homogenate were detected by ELISA.Results (1) The brain water contents of rats in H-Dex group,L-Dex group and NS control group were (85.94 ± 0.54) ％,(86.08 ± 1.01) ％,(86.94 ± 0.82) ％.Compared with NS control group,the water contents of Dex group were lower (P ＜ 0.05).(2) Glial cells of brain cortex in L-Dex group and H-Dex group were more mature than in NS control group,and the changes in H-Dex group was more significant.(3) The expressions of MBP in brain tissue of H-Dex group,L-Dex group and NS control group were (5.73 ± 1.06) μg/mg,(5.46 ±0.77) μg/mg and (2.42 ±0.52) μg/mg.Compared with NS control group,Dex group was higher(P ＜0.05).While the expressions of IL-1β in brain tissue of H-Dex group,L-Dex group and NS control group were (249.05 ± 11.29) pg/g,(257.47 ± 9.33) and (292.66 ± 21.51) pg/g.Compared with NS control group,Dex group was lower(P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference between H-Dex group and L-Dex group(P ＞ 0.05).(4) The level of apoptosis in H-Dex group,L-Dex group and NS control group were (18.07 ± 1.63) ％,(6.88 ± 0.47) ％ and (2.00 ± 0.32) ％.Compared with NS control group,the level of apoptosis in Dex group was higher(P ＜0.05),and H-Dex group was higher than that in L-Dex group.Conclusion (1) Using dexamethasone prophylactic could promote the development of glial cells,reduce the water content,increase the expressions of MBP,and decrease the expressions of IL-1β in brain tissues.It indicates that dexamethasone may play a major role in maturation of fetal brain.(2) Using dexamethasone prophylactic could increase the amounts of the apoptosis cells,and this effect is dose-dependent.It indicates that dexamethasone may have a negative effect on the fetal brain and suggestes that using dexamethasone in premature infant should be cautious,and if it has to,using a lower dose.

Objective To investigate the effects of deletion of adenosine A2A receptors on peripheral leukocytes on cerebral white matter lesions induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.Methods Twenty-four wild type(WT) male mice were given a ? irradiation of 12.5Gy,followed by receiving bone marrow cells tail vein from female A2A receptor knocked out(KO) mice via tail vein,were assigned as KO→WT group,while those received bone marrow cells from WT female mice were assigned as WT→WT group(n=20).The efficiency of reconstitution of bone marrow cells in recipient mice was assessed 7 weeks after transplantation by PCR and immunofluorescent technique.Then,the recipient mice were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery stenosis with internal diameter of 0.18mm by external banding using microcoils at 8 weeks after transplantation.On 7d,14d and 30d after the surgery,corpus callosum,fiber bundles of Caudoputamen and optic tract were harvested from the cerebral white matter,and stained with Kluver-Barrera staining for observing the changes in nerve fibers,and with GFAP and CD11b immunohistochemistry staining for observing the proliferation of microglia and astrocytes.Results At 7 weeks after successful transplantation,the genotype of sex chromosome in peripheral leukocytes of the male recipient mice was changed into female pattern.The expression rate of A2A receptor was 9.73%?2.05% in KO→WT group and 93.82%?11.24% in WT→WT group,with significant difference between the two groups(P

The plastic splint PCL,which is introduced in this article,is a new type of medical exter- nal immobilization material.During the course of its development,the burden has been optimality seeked with regressive orthogonality after screening of the material.Its function has attained the international levels during the eighties.This splint may be used not only in the treatment of burns and various orthopedic conditions,but also in the immobilization of fracture and rehabilation treatment of orthopedic patients etc.