OBJECTIVE:To supply the reference for benchmarking framework of unit dose dispensing(UDD).METHODS:To introduce the running module and the training mode for UDD pharmacists of the UDD management mode,and the working quality was controlled using 6? management pattern.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The benchmarking framework of UDD is feasible in practice and it can help guarantee dispensing accuracy,improve the quality of pharmaceutical care.

Objective To investigate the effects of peptidoglycan (PGN) with different concentrations on Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2),Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in corneal epithelial cells of mice.Methods Corneal epithelial cells of c57 mice were cultured in vitro.Cells were divided into blank control group and 10 mg · L-1 group,30 mg · L-1 gruop and 80 mg · L-1 group (treated by different concentration of PGN for 12 hours).In the meantime,the cells in 30 mg · L-1 group were cultured for different times(named 12 hours group,24 hours group,36 hours group).Expressions of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and protein in different group were measured by RT-PCR and flow cytometry.Results Compared with control group (1.00 ± 0.14,1.00 ± 0.01),the expression of TLR2,LR4 mRNA in 10 mg · L-1 group (4.35 ± 0.46,3.53 ± 0.50),30 mg · L-1 group (8.06 ±0.72,5.31 ±0.34),80 mg · L-1 group (2.93 ±0.46,2.23 ±0.04) were increased,the differences were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).Compared with control group,the expression of TLR2,TLR4 protein in different concentration group and 12 hour group were increased,the differences were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion PGN can up-regulate both mRNA and protein expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in corneal epithelial cells of mice,suggest that TLR2 and TLR4 in the corneal epithelial cell can recognize some exogenous pathogen and regulate the inflammatory reaction,which are closely related to the occurrence and development of infectious keratitis.

Objectives To explore a better inhibitory effect of concentration and time of Celastrol on migration of HepG2 cells. Methods HepG2 cells were planted and cultured in 6-well plates. When the adherent cell density reached 70%-80%, cell migration was manufactured by scratch experiment model. Then, cell morphology and cell migration were observed under microscope with different concentrations of Celastrol 5, 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.01μmol/L and DMSO at 0, 6, 12, 24 h. They were pictured and rates of cell migration and inhibition ratios of all groups were calculated. Results Celastrol inhibited HepG2 cell migration, and its inhibitory effect on the migration velocity was concentration-dependent in a certain range. The higher the concentration of Celastrol, the stronger effect is. Celastrol of the same concentration at different times had different inhibitory effect on cell migrationof HepG2 cells (P<0.05). Celastrol of different concentrations at the same time had different inhibitory effects on cell migration of HepG2 cells (P<0.05);Celastrol of high concentration cause dsevere changes in the cell morphology. Conclusion Celastrol of high concentration causes changes in the cell morphology and cell apoptosis of HepG2 cells. Celastrol inhibits HepG2 cell migration, which is dependent on the concentration and action time. The inhibitory effect of Celastrol on HepG2 cell migration is most obvious under final concentration of 5μmol/L at 6 h.

The cyanuric chloride linkers have been used for cyclizing polypeptide, but not used for α-conotoxin, the peptides with rich disulfide bonds and more amino acid residues. In this study, cyclic peptides c[A10L]PnIA-1-4 were synthesized efficiently by lysine assisted cyanuric chloride linkers with 28.92%-52.00% yields. The activity evaluation showed that the IC₅₀ values of c[A10L]PnIA-1 against α7 and α3β2 nAChR subtypes were 5 and 7 times higher than [A10L]PnIA respectively, and the subtype selectivity was maintained. The results of circular dichroism show that this cyclization method had no significant effect on its secondary structure. Compared with the commonly used head-to-tail cyclization in conotoxin cyclization, this method has the advantages of rapid reaction and high yield, which is expected to be further applied to the cyclization study of various α-conotoxins.

Objective To evaluate the impact of alcohol dehydrogenase-2 (ADH2) and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) polymorphisms on the susceptibility of esophageal cancer. Methods A case-control study including 221 cases of esophageal cancer and 191 controls was carried out in Taixing city of Jiangsu province. ADH2 and ALDH2 genotypes were tested by PCR and denaturing high -- performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). Results (1) Compared with ALDH2 G/G carriers, ALDH2 A/A (OR=5.69, 95%CI: 2.51-12.18) and ALDH2 G/A (OR=1.70, 95%CI: 1.08-2.68) carriers showed a significantly elevated risk of developing esophageal cancer, especially among alcohol drinkers with ALDH2 A/A (OR=8.63,95% CI: 2.07-35.95). (2) Statistical relation was not found between ADH2 genotypes and the risk of esophageal cancer, with regard to the status of alcohol consumption. (3) Whether subjects with whatever ADH2 genotype, ALDH2 G/A or A/A carriers was found to have significantly increased the risk of developing esophageal cancer, with ALDH2 A/A carriers appeared having higher esophageal cancer risk than those ALDH2 G/A carriers. (4)Compared those non-drinkers with both ALDH2 G/G and ADH2 A/A , drinkers with ALDH2 G/A or A/A and ADH2 C,/A or G/G genotypes showed a significantly elevated risk of developing esophageal cancer (OR=8.36, 95% CI: 2.98-23.46). Conclusion These results revealed that it was not ADH2 but ALDH2 polymorphisms and drinking alcohol had a significant interaction with the development of esophageal cancer, suggesting that in order to help lowering the risk of esophageal cancer, individuals who are carrying ALDH2 A/A or G/A genotypes should be encouraged to reduce their consumption of alcohols.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate interactions between lifestyle, methylanetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) and polymorphisms in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the thymidylate synthase gene (TS) with reference to development of stomach cancer (SC).

METHODSWe conducted a case-control study with 107 cases of SC and 200 population-based controls in Huaian city of Jiangsu province, China. TS genotypes were identified by polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS(1) The frequencies of TS genotypes (+6 bp/+6 bp, +6 bp/-6 bp and -6 bp/-6 bp) among the cases were 5.6%, 47.7% and 46.7% and among the controls were 9.0%, 54.0% and 37.0%, respectively. Individuals identified as -6 bp/-6 bp genotype had a slightly higher risk for SC than those individuals with +6 bp alleles (the crude OR = 1.49, 95% CI: 0.90 - 2.47; adjusted OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.00 - 1.78, P = 0.047). (2) Individuals having TS -6 bp/-6 bp genotype and having smoking habit were at a significantly higher risk of developing SC (adjusted OR = 2.79, 95% CI: 1.51 - 5.18) compared with those who had +6 bp alleles with no smoking habit. Individuals having TS -6 bp/-6 bp genotype and habit of frequent alcohol drinking were at an increased risk of developing SC (adjusted OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.07 - 2.90) compared with those with +6 bp alleles and low consumption of alcohol. As compared with individuals with +6 bp alleles and who had habit of tea drinking, individuals who had TS -6 bp/-6 bp genotype and but without habit of tea drinking had an increased risk of developing SC (adjusted OR = 2.34, 95% CI: 1.43 - 3.82). (3) Individuals with TS -6 bp/-6 bp genotype and with MTHFR T alleles had an increased risk of developing SC (adjusted OR = 2.67, 95% CI: 1.07 - 6.70) compared with those with +6 bp alleles and with MTHRF C/C genotype.

CONCLUSIONResults in the present study suggested that there was a combined effect between lifestyle, MTHFR C/T or T/T genotype and TS -6 bp/-6 bp genotype in the development of SC.

Alcohol Drinking ; adverse effects ; Case-Control Studies ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Life Style ; Male ; Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) ; genetics ; Point Mutation ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Risk Factors ; Smoking ; adverse effects ; Stomach Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; genetics ; Tea ; chemistry ; Thymidylate Synthase ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship between polymorphisms of methylenetetra-hydrofolate reductase gene 1298A-->C (MTHFR 1298A-->C) and its susceptibility of esophageal cancer (EC).

METHODSWe conducted a case-control study with 141 cases of EC and 228 population-based controls in Huaian city of Jiangsu province, China. Epidemiological data were collected, and DNA of peripheral blood leukocytes was obtained from all of the subjects. MTHFR genotypes were identified by polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS(1) The frequency of MTHFR 1298AA, AC and CC genotype were 63.8%, 34.0% and 2.1% in EC and 71.9%, 28.1% and 0.0% in controls, respectively (chi(2)(MH) = 6.69, P = 0.035). The frequency of the MTHFR 1298C allele was 0.19 for EC and 0.14 for controls. (2) Individuals having MTHFR 1298C allele and smoking habit were at a significantly higher risk of developing EC (adjusted OR = 3.48, 95% CI: 1.57 - 7.71) compared with those who having AA genotype but no smoking habit. Individuals having MTHFR 1298C allele and habit of frequent alcohol drinking were at an increased risk of developing EC (adjusted OR = 2.91, 95% CI: 1.20 - 7.08) compared with those with AA genotype and low consumption of alcohol. Individuals having MTHFR 1298C allele but no habit of tea drinking had a 3.52-fold (95% CI: 1.64 - 7.54) increased risk of developing EC compared with tea drinkers with AA genotype. As compared with subjects having AA genotype, low consumption of alcohol, no smoking habit but having habit of drinking tea, the individuals having 1298C allele, habits of frequent alcohol drinking, smoking but no habit of tea drinking had a 12.64-folds (95% CI: 1.39 - 114.65) increased risk of developing EC.

CONCLUSIONResults in the present study suggested that there was a coordinated effect between MTHFR 1298 genotypes and habits of smoking, alcohol drinking and tea consumption in the development of EC.

Adult ; Aged ; Alcohol Drinking ; Case-Control Studies ; China ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; enzymology ; genetics ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; genetics ; Genotype ; Humans ; Male ; Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) ; genetics ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Smoking

Background Inheritance is one of main causing-disease factors in congenital cataract.So the screen of causing-disease gene in congenital cataract patients is a critical step.Objective This survey was to investigate the molecular characteristics of a Chinese pedigree with a special crystalline autosomal dominant congenital cataract(ADCC) in Shanxi province.Methods This study was approved by Ethic Commission of Shanxi Eye Hospital.Informed consent was obtained from each subject before any medical examination.Twenty-two families from a pedigree with special crystalline were included in this study.The family members received regular ophthalmologic and general examinations to rule out any concomitant disorders.Blood samples were obtained to extract the DNA from all the subjects.Twenty-two fluorescent labeled microsatellites were selected from 17 causing genes of ADCC and amplified and screened for the linkage analysis.LOD was calculated and the candidate gene was directly sequenced.Results Ten individuals with congenital cataract were found in the family with the similar phenotype.The inheritance mode complied with the autosomal dominant pattern.Linkage analysis indicated a gene chain at D2S325 and D2S2358 with the LOD value 1.20(θ =0) and 0.22(θ =0).A known c.C70A(p.P23T) missence mutation at the coding region of CRYGD gene was detected by direct sequence.Conclusions A missense mutation P23T of the CRYGD gene cause the autosomal dominant congenital nuclear cataract with the special phenotype.

Objective Clinical data of 19 Chinese patients with 21 hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) were analyzed to improve the diagnosis and treatment level. Methods Clinical features and laboratory data were collected from 19 patients with 21OHD before and after treatment. Results In male patients, the average age of early appearance of secondary sexual character was (9.3?2.8)yrs, and excess androgen resulted in phallic enlargement. Primary amenorrhea was the most common complaint in female(87.5%), and the signs included a varying degree of labioscrotal fusion and clitoral enlargement. The average level of 17-hydroxy progesterone(17OHP) was (63.42?35.07) ?g/L, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone(ACTH), dehydroepiandrosterone(sodium) sulfate(DHEAS) and testosterone(T) were obviously elevated. CT scan showed bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. The level of 17OHP was significantly decreased after treatment[(63.42?35.07) ?g/L vs (3.15?2.71) ?g/L](P