Objective: To explore the effect of case introduction and assessment approach of the team in strengthening the skills training of school nursing students. Methods:Selected 289 undergraduate nursing students from grade 2010 as experimental group, 281 students from grade 2010 as control group, the experimental group adopted case introduction and assessment approach of the team, the latter used the traditional assessment method, after the end of the training, two groups of students were operating examination and questionnaire survey. Results:The nursing students in the experimental group of operating examination results was better than the control group(P<0.05).The application of case introduction and assessment approach of the team can develop good teamwork spirit(86.30%), communication skills(71.85%), consciousness of active learning(81.11%), clinical decision-making(75.93%), and clinical adaptive-ability(87.04%). Conclusion:The model of case introduction and assessment approach of the team can improve the clinical comprehensive ability partly.

Objective To investigate the correlation between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS)with myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia.Methods To observe the occuring rate of premature beats and change of ST- segment,90 eases of OSAS patients were detected by the polysomnogram(PSG)and dynamic electrocardiogram at the same time.Results Total morbidity of myocardial ischemia was 32.2 % in OSAS patients,and it was 59.4 %, 15.8 %,20 % in serious,moderate and mild groups respectively.There was a statistically significant difference be- tween the three groups and the control group(P0.05).Conclusion As one of the risky factors of cardiovascular diseases,OSAS can induce myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia.

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a vital therapeutic tool for hip terminal disease. Frequently, hidden blood loss exists in the postoperation, which seriously affect the postoperative rehabilitation of patients. It is urgent need to solve the problem that how to fundamentally prevent and reduce hidden blood loss after THA. Although THA has its own operational reason in blood loss, and also relates to a variety of risk factors, the mechanism of hidden blood loss is not clear. Tranexamic acid has a significant role in preventing perioperative blood loss, and the correlation of hidden blood loss and fibrinolytic mechanism would be confirm necessarily in the future,which will produce positive significance in completing the mechanism of hidden blood loss.
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Postoperative Hemorrhage ; etiology

OBJECTIVETo systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of preoperative administration of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor on pain occurring with total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

METHODSWe electronically searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CNKI, CBM, Wanfang data from inception to March 15, 2014 and manual searched journal of library collection to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about preoperative administration of COX-2 inhibitor on pain occurring with TKA. The methodological quality of the included RCTs was assessed and the data were extracted according to the Cochrane Handbook 5.1.0. Meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.2 software.

RESULTSA total of 6 RCTs involving 228 patients were included. The results of meta-analyses showed that: (1) Efficacy: The visual analog scale (VAS) of post-operation at 12-hour (WMD = -0.60, 95% CI -0.83 to -0.37, P < 0.000 01) and 24-hour (WMD = -0.74, 95% CI -1.29 to - 0.19, P = 0.008) was decreased when COX-2 inhibitor was used before operation. And compared with control group, experimental group decreased the modified numerical pain rating scale (MNPRS) at 24-hour (WMD = -0.50, 95% CI -0.70 to -0.30, P < 0.000 01), 48-hour (WMD = -0.55,95% CI -0.65 to -0.45,P < 0.000 01) under quiescent conditions, and the same result at 24-hour (WMD = -0.82, 95% CI -1.26 to -0.38, P <0.000 01), 48-hour (WMD = -0.71, 95% CI -0.82 to -0.60, P < 0.000 01) under active conditions. The morphine consumption postoperatively were fewer in experimental group at the first day (WMD = - 1.35, 95% CI -1.92 to -0.79, P < 0.000 01) and the second day (WMD = -1.60, 95% CI -2.68 to -0.52, P = 0.004). (2) Safety: COX-2 inhibitor could lessen the incidence of postoperative pruritus (RR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.84, P = 0.02), but not statistically decrease of nausea and vomiting (RR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.28, P = 0.40) and exhaustion (RR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.05 to 7.67, P = 0.72).

CONCLUSIONThe current evidence indicated that preoperative administration of COX-2inhibitor can effectively improve the effect of postoperative analgesia, reduce the consumption of morphine and lessen the incidence of pruritus. Due to the limited quantity of the included studies and the evidence with limited strength,further high-quality RCTs are needed to verify the aforementioned conclusion.

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee ; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Pain, Postoperative ; drug therapy ; Postoperative Complications ; prevention & control ; Pruritus ; prevention & control

This article introduces an overview of management system for conflict of interest of the European Pharmacopoeia Commission (EPC) and the United States Pharmacopoeia Convention (USP). The EPC and USP have standardized the management system for conflict of interest in drug standard work in multiple management documents, such as the Guide for the Work, Code of Practice for the Work, Form for Declaration of Interests and Confidentiality Undertaking of the EPC, bylaws, Rules and Procedures of the Council of Experts, Code of Ethics, Standards of Conduct of the USP, in order to ensure the transparency and fairness of drug standard development, improve the credibility and rigor of drug standards. This article introduces the management system for conflict of interest of the EPC and USP, providing reference for the improvement of relevant management systems of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission.

Objective To explore the effects of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP17) peptide on the changes in the expressions of phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K), protein kinase B(PKB) and phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (p-CREB) in the neurons of hippocampal gyms in rats after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Method Twenty-one Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups, namely the sham-operated control group, the resuscitation group and resuscitation with APP17 peptide-treated group. The rat model of asphyxial cardiac arrest was made by clamping the endotracheal tube and the standard external cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR) was performed until the restoration of spontaneous circulation ( ROSC) observed.ROSC was defined by the appearance of normal QRS waves of electrocardiogram and mean artery pressure ( MAP)≥60 mmHg for more than 10 minutes. Rats of resuscitation group and control group received intravenous 0.9%NaCl, and the rats of the APP17 peptide group were treated with APP17 peptide(10μg·300 g~(-1), i. v.) after ROSC. Rats were sacrificed by decapitation after reperfusion 2 hours and then the cerebral hippocampal gyrus was immediately separated to detect PI3K, PKB and p-CREB by immunohistochemistry ( IHC) and Western-blot analysis. Statistical comparisons were made by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) . Results IHC showed that there was no significant difference in PDK positive cells between resuscitation group and control group (2.75 ±1.80 vs. 2.53 ± 1.53, P > 0.05) . The PDK obviously more increased in the APP17 peptide group than in resuscitation group(5.85 ± 2.83 vs. 2.75 ± 1.80, P < 0.01) .The counts of PKB and p-CREB positive cells were obviously lower in resuscitation group than those in control group (2.45 ± 1.36 vs. 5.22 ± 2.50, P < 0.05);(2.41 ± 1.11 vs. 8.31 ±3.02, P < 0.01 ). The PKB and p-CREB positive cells were significantly higher in the APP17 peptide group than in resuscitation group (9.66±4.32 vs. 2.45 ±1.36, P < 0.01);(14.18 ± 3.96 vs.2.41 ± 1.11, P <0.01). The PKB and p-CREB protein levels in resuscitation group were lower than those in the control group. Conclusions The expressions of PKB and p-CREB in neurons of hippocampus gyrus 2 hours ROSC, and APP17 peptide could restorer the expression of PDK, PKB and p- CREB and thereby protect the neurons of hippocampus gyrus from the injury of CPR.

Objective To establish a simple and sensitive method for the determination of serum copper by spectrophotometry.Methods Nitro-PAPS was used as a coloring agent for serum copper in the presence of surfactants Tween-80 and Triton X-100 and the formed complex was measured by spectrophotometry.Results The maximum absorption wavelength of the complex was 570 nm and the molar absorption coefficient was 7.95?10~4 L/(mol?cm).The lineafity of the method was up to 63.0 ?mol/L and the recoveries ranged from 98.6% to 103.1%.The within-run and between-run CVs were 2.1%-3.3% and 2.7%-3.8%.The method(Y)was compared with an AAS method(X)and a correlation of Y=1.01X -0.27(r=0.998 2)was obtained.A reference interval(x~-?2s)determined with this method on 68 individuals was 9.7-24.1 ?moL/L.Conclusions A simple and sensitive method for serum copper has been established.It may used for the analysis of serum copper in clinical laboratories.

OBJECTIVETo study the correlation between arachidonic acid (AA) and acute red blood cells damage in rats, and to build a model with hidden blood loss in vivo, and to explore the pathological mechenism of hidden blood loss.

METHODSA total of 50 male adult Sprague-Dawley rats weighing (200 ± 20) g were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10): control group and four experimental groups. The rats in the experimental groups were given 0.5 ml different concentrations of AA dilu- ents, 5, 10, 20, 40 mmol/L respectively. The blood samples were collected from orbital venous at the beginning and 24, 48, 72 hours after administration. Then the changes of hemoglobin (Hb) ,red blood cell count (RBC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH- PX) activity, total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity and hydrogen peroxide (H202) in the blood samples were tested.

RESULTSSignificant hidden blood loss occurred when the concentration was 10 mmol/L in the experimental group, with the RBC and Hb sharply reduced in blood samples. The Hb and RBC were reduced in all the experimental groups and control group at 24 hours after administration, while in the experimental groups they changed more obviously. The GSH-PX activity, T-SOD activity and H₂O₂were also significantly reduced in all groups, and the changes showed significant differences. The Hb and RBC were relatively stable in the control group and the experimental groups at 48 hours after administration; while GSH-PX activity, T-SOD activity and H₂O₂were all significantly decreased, and the changes in the experimental groups were more notable.

CONCLUSIONElevated levels of AA in the blood causes oxidative stress in the red blood cells, leading to the damage of red blood cells and hemoglobin, which is responsible for hidden blood loss.

Animals ; Arachidonic Acid ; toxicity ; Erythrocytes ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; blood ; Hemoglobins ; analysis ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Superoxide Dismutase ; blood

0.05).Conclusion There is no association between IL-2 levels in NS and RSV bronchitis.The IL-2 levels show a heterogenous behavior.

AIM: To investigate the characteristics and surgical management of retinal detachment (RD) after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in myopia.METHODS: Documents of patients with RD observed in 18342 eyes (9 598 patients) who underwent LASIK were retrospectively reviewed. None of the patients had history of corneal or other diseases before LASIK and preoperative fundus examination was performed. Patients were followed for a mean of 20 months and the clinical features of the eyes which developed RD after LASIK were investigated.RESULTS: Six patients including 2 males and 4 females developed RD, and the incidence of RD after LASIK was 0.33‰. Mean pre-LASIK myopia in these 6 eyes was 9.33D.None of these eyes had prophylactic treatment history of any retinal lesions. Mean time interval between LASIK and RD development was 9.2 months. All RDs happened spontaneously and were managed with vitrectomy and other techniques.Retinal reattachment was achieved at the first retinal detachment surgery in all 6 eyes (100%) at mean follow-up of 9.3months.CONCLUSION: RD after LASIK is not common. The study suggests no cause-effect relationship between RD and LASIK procedure in myopic eyes. However, clinicians should still be aware of retinal pathology in patients undergoing LASIK.