Because of the changed metabolic behaviors of cancer cells, tumor cells uptake a corresponding larger amount of glucose in physiological condition when compared with normal cells. And they were prone to metabolize glucose for generating energy in anaerobic glycolysis ways in order to grow quickly. Anaerobic glycolysis consumes more glucose than aerobic way when the same amount of energy is obtained, which also results in large demand of glucose in tumor cells. This review briefly describes therapy methods related to characteristic mentioned above, and summarizes the research progress of drugs, diagnostic reagents and carriers conjugated with glucose, glucose derivatives or other kinds of sugars for cancer targeting. Furthermore, typically relative research reports from 2012 till now were listed and analyzed.
Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Drug Carriers ; Energy Metabolism ; Glucose ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; metabolism ; therapeutic use ; Glycoconjugates ; chemistry ; therapeutic use ; Glycolysis ; Glycosides ; chemistry ; Humans ; Ifosfamide ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; therapeutic use ; Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Nitroimidazoles ; chemistry ; Radiation-Sensitizing Agents ; chemistry

BACKGROUNDAppropriate planning and staffing for medical services at large-scale athletic events is essential to provide for a safe and successful competition. There are few well-documented accounts describing the demand for such services. The present study provided the data from the Beijing 2008 Olympics and Paralympics, with a view to provide the guidance for planning future events.

METHODSA total of 22 029 and 8046 patients, who received medical care from a physician at an Olympic or Paralympic medical station, were included. The patient proportion among different personnel, various disease proportions at different kinds of venues, and the disease spectrum at specified venues at the Olympics and Paralympics were analyzed.

RESULTSAt both games, the patient proportion varied by accreditation status. The staff accounted for the largest number of visits at the Olympics (44.83%) and Paralympics (36.95%), with respiratory diseases the most common. Various disease spectrums were discovered at the different kinds of venues. Surgical diseases were the most frequently listed reason for visits, both at competition and non-competition venues, especially during the Paralympics. The sport-related injuries accounted for a majority of the surgical cases during both games. At training venues, ear nose and throat diseases accounted for the greatest number of visits during both games.

CONCLUSIONSDuring both games, people contracted different diseases at different venues. Adequate surgeons should be designated to offer assistance mostly in trauma situations. Appropriate numbers of physicians in respiratory diseases and otorhinolaryngology is of great importance.

Anniversaries and Special Events ; China ; Emergency Medical Services ; utilization ; Humans ; Population Surveillance ; Public Health ; statistics & numerical data ; Sports

OBJECTIVESTo induce autologous bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell (aMSC) into chondrocyte, and to confirm the effects of 3 dimensional (3D) dynamic inducing in vitro and their long-term animal model repairing in vivo.

METHODSaMSC were separated from rabbits bone marrow aspirates, then respectively experienced 3D dynamic inducing in alginate drops in modified rotating wall bioreactor culture or in two dimensional (2D) inducing (culture flask) for 10 d. The induced cells were harvest and then mixed with fibrin sealant (FS) to repair rabbit knee femoral trochlea cartilage defects model. After 8, 12, 24, 48 weeks animals were euthanized. Gross appearance, histological appearances were examined.

RESULTSFlask culture groups showed a little chondrocyte differentiation, 3D inducing group showed obviously chondrocyte differentiation, improved collagen II and proteoglycan production. For 3D inducing ones in vivo, the cartilage defects were smoothly repaired by white translucent hard tissue with obvious hyaline-like cartilage histological appearance after 8, 12 weeks, and the defects boundary were hard to be identified with hyaline like cartilage with sustained histological appearance and score after 24, 48 weeks. For 2D ones in vivo, the cartilage defects were smoothly repaired after 8 weeks by hyaline like cartilage which showed accelerated degeneration after 24 weeks and lose cartilage performance completely after 48 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS3D dynamic inducing may assist aMSC on differentiating into chondrocyte, improve its long-term in vivo repairing effects, and enlighten its further applications in tissue engineering cartilage.

Animals ; Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; Cartilage, Articular ; injuries ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Chondrocytes ; cytology ; Chondrogenesis ; Disease Models, Animal ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; Rabbits ; Tissue Engineering ; methods ; Transplantation, Autologous ; Wound Healing

The purpose of this study is to investigate the penetration effects and mechanism of N-arginine chitosan (ACS). This novel transdermal enhancer with a mimetic structure of cell-penetration peptides was synthesized by introducing hydrophilic arginine groups to the amino-group on chitosan's side chain. The structure of ACS was confirmed by FT-IR, 1H NMR and element analysis. In addition, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was used to study the protein conformation and the water content of stratum corneum, and the result suggested that ACS can change the orderly arrangement of the molecules in the stratum corneum, making the stack structure of keratin become loose. And ACS can increase the water content of the stratum corneurn. Inverted fluorescence microscope and flow cytometry were used to examine penetration effect of ACS on Hacat cell. The result confirmed that the uptake of ACS was enhanced with increased substitution degree of arginine by 4-8 folds compared to chitosan. In vitro penetration studies on three electrical types of drugs were carried out using three model drugs of negatively charged aspirin, positively charged terazosin and neutral drug isosorbide mononitrate by the method of Franz diffusion cells. The results showed that ACS has obviously penetration of the negatively charged drug aspirin, and certain penetration of neutral drug issorbide mononitrate, but inhibition of positively charged terazosin. In vivo imaging technology research results show that the ACS can significantly enhance the fluorescence intensity of morin, which is the auto-fluorescence anionic drug. These obtained results suggested that ACS, as a promising transdermal enhancer, can change the structure of the keratinocytes and analog penetrating peptides promote absorption, but have certain selectivity for the drug.
Administration, Cutaneous ; Animals ; Arginine ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Aspirin ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; Cell-Penetrating Peptides ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Chitosan ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Drug Carriers ; Humans ; Isosorbide Dinitrate ; administration & dosage ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacokinetics ; Keratinocytes ; cytology ; Male ; Mice ; Prazosin ; administration & dosage ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacokinetics ; Skin Absorption ; drug effects

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; therapeutic use ; CD2 Antigens ; metabolism ; Child, Preschool ; Chromosome Breakage ; Cyclophosphamide ; therapeutic use ; Doxorubicin ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Ki-1 Antigen ; metabolism ; Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; Mucin-1 ; metabolism ; Prednisone ; therapeutic use ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Vincristine ; therapeutic use

AIMTo prepare paclitaxel-loaded cationic chitosan micelles (PTX-CCM) and paclitaxel-loaded anionic chitosan micelles (PTX-ACM) and study the influence of surface charges on the biodistribution of paclitaxel-loaded chitosan polymeric micelles in mice.

METHODSPTX-CCM and PTX-ACM were prepared by dialysis method and were administered to mice by caudal vein at a dose of 20 mg x kg(-1) body weight. The RP-HPLC method was established to determine the PTX concentrations in the plasma and other tissues of mice. The tissues distribution of PTX-CCM and PTX-ACM were evaluated by the pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC, MRT).

RESULTSThe diameter and zeta potential of PTX-CCM were 164 nm and +23.7 mV, while those of PTX-ACM were 180 nm and -28.0 mV, respectively. The drug loading and drug encapsulation efficiency for PTX-CCM were 26.4% (w/w) and 76.2% , while those of PTX-ACM were 34.6% (w/w) and 89.9%, respectively. The highest uptake of PTX-CCM and PTX-ACM in liver were 64.72% and 91.84% of dose, respectively. Meanwhile, MRT of both were 5.50 h and 51.39 h prolonged. The highest uptake of PTX-CCM and PTX-ACM in spleen were 7.08% and 5.16% of dose, respectively. Meanwhile, MRT of both were 9.04 h and 26.82 h. For PTX-CCM group, the AUC and C(max) of PTX in the lung were 2.71 times and 5.87 times of those of PTX-ACM group respectively. While in both PTX-CCM and PTX-ACM groups, the highest uptake of PTX in the heart were only 0.36% and 0.24% of dose, respectively and PTX in the kidney were only 0.75% and 0.33% of dose respectively.

CONCLUSIONPTX-CCM and PTX-ACM showed excellent drug loading capabilities with amount of cationic charges and anionic charges on their surface, respectively. Both PTX-CCM and PTX-ACM groups showed a higher targeting efficiency in the liver and spleen in vivo and accumulated in both tissues for relatively long time, especially in PTX-ACM group. In contrast to PTX-ACM, PTX-CCM showed a higher lung targeting efficiency in vivo while PTX-ACM had a stronger retention ability in the lung. Meanwhile in both groups the levels of PTX in the heart and kidney tissues were significantly lower which might decrease the side effects of PTX.

Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Area Under Curve ; Chitosan ; chemistry ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Female ; Liver ; metabolism ; Lung ; metabolism ; Mice ; Micelles ; Paclitaxel ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Particle Size ; Spleen ; metabolism ; Surface Properties ; Tissue Distribution

Adult ; CD56 Antigen ; metabolism ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Killer Cells, Natural ; pathology ; Lymph Nodes ; pathology ; Lymphoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; virology ; Lymphoma, Extranodal NK-T-Cell ; pathology ; Male

AIM:To observe the efficacy of intravitreal conbercept injection for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).METHODS: Nine eyes of 9 patients diagnosed as chronic CSC between October 2015 to May 2016 were treated with an intravitreal injection of conbercept (0.5mg/0.05mL) (six patients were given the same does of intravitreal injection again at 1mo after the first injection).Follow-up observation was at 1, 2, and 6mo after injection.Observed indicators included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure, optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), choroidal indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), macular fovea thickness (CMT), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT).RESULTS:Seven of the 9 patients responded significantly to the drug, while 2 patients had no response.The CMT was 373.12±72.43μm at baseline, which decreased significantly to 332.05±67.13μm, 282.24±62.30μm and 225.56±71.08μm at 1, 2 and 6mo after the intravitreal injection.The mean thickness of SFCT was 422.11±64.82μm before treatment.The choroidal thickness of non-responsive patients before treatment was below average, respectively 353μm and 365μm.The SFCT of 1, 2, and 6mo after treatment was 391.45±75.24μm, 365.53±63.07μm, 355.40±66.65μm.Before treatment and 1mo after, there was no significant difference (P=0.074), but there was statistically significant (P<0.01) between those of before and 2mo and 6mo after.The mean BCVA of the prior treatment was 0.53±0.32, the after treatment was 0.65±0.20, there was no different between the two(P>0.05).CONCLUSION: Intravitreal conbercept injection in chronic CSC may have some effect in accelerating subertinal fluid resolution and decreasing the CMT.The SFCT within 6mo after treatment was significantly lower than pretreatment.The SFCT may be an indicator of whether patients respond.

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of prolonged 85% oxygen exposure on lung vascular development and the expression of angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) in the neonatal rat lungs.

METHODSNinety-six Sprague-Dawley rat pups were randomly exposed to air (control group) and 85% oxygen (experimental group) 6 hrs after birth. The rats were sacrificed 3, 7 and 14 days after exposure and their lungs were sampled. The lung sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological evaluation and analysis of vessel volume density. Expressions of angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) in lung tissue were measured by immunohistochemistry. Expression of Ang-1 protein and mRNA was detected by Western Blot and Real time-PCR.

RESULTSAfter being exposed to 85% oxygen for 14 days, lung tissues had pathological changes as "new" bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The RAC on day 7 and day 14 in experimental group decreased significantly as compared with the control group [(10.55 ± 0.13) vs. (11.74 ± 0.19), (12.47 ± 0.05) vs. (15.03 ± 0.16), P < 0.05]. The X-ray showed that the diameter of lung vessel was much smaller and the vessels had less branches in experimental group compared with the control group on day 14. The vessel volume density on day 14 in experimental group decreased significantly as compared with the control group [(3.55 ± 0.09) vs. (6.03 ± 0.16), P < 0.05]. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting showed that the expressions of Ang-1 protein on day 7 and day 14 in the experimental group decreased significantly as compared with the control group [(4.27 ± 0.34) vs. (3.10 ± 0.29), P < 0.05, (5.65 ± 0.49) vs. (3.21 ± 0.28), P < 0.01], [(0.88 ± 0.31) vs. (0.41 ± 0.12), P < 0.05, (0.90 ± 0.29) vs. (0.21 ± 0.06), P < 0.01]. The expressions of Ang-1 mRNA on day 7 and day 14 in the experimental group also decreased significantly as compared with the control group [(0.85 ± 0.14) vs. (0.44 ± 0.21), P < 0.05, (0.87 ± 0.24) vs. (0.24 ± 0.05), P < 0.01].

CONCLUSIONSProlonged exposure of high concentration of oxygen may cause impairment of lung vascular development by inhibiting expression of Ang-1 in neonatal rats, which is likely to contribute to pathogenesis of BPD.

Angiopoietin-1 ; metabolism ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Hyperoxia ; Lung ; blood supply ; metabolism ; Pulmonary Artery ; growth & development ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the skull characteristics of the Li people in Hainan through 3-D CT.

METHODSCT scan and 3-D reconstruction are very helpful for the cephalometry including the distance and angle measurement. The image can also be enlarged to make the measurement more precisely. 80 Li volunteers underwent the cephalometry through 3-D CT. The data were analyzed and compared with those an people.

RESULTSThe results showed difference between the genders of Li people. Compared with Han people, Li people has their own facial characteristics, such as wider face and wider orbital distance.

CONCLUSIONSCephalometry through 3-D CT can show the skull characteristics precisely. The data in this study has great significance in craniomaxillofacial surgery and ethnology.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cephalometry ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Male ; Skull ; diagnostic imaging ; Tomography, Spiral Computed ; Young Adult