In recent years a number of qualitative research methods have gained popularity within the health care arena. Despite this popularity, different qualitative analysis methods pose many challenges to most researchers. The present paper responds to the needs expressed by recent Chinese medicine researches. The present paper is mainly focused on the concepts, nature, application of framework analysis, especially on how to use it, in such a way to assist the newcomer of Chinese medicine researchers to engage with the methodology.
Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Qualitative Research ; Research ; Research Design

To understand the impact of salvianolate injection treatment of liver and kidney function using different from the hospital information system nationwide 18 large three hospitals (hospital information system, HIS) to extract using salvianolate age 18-80 years-old patient, a total of 10 470 cases, depending on the treatment used to have two times before and after treatment 7 d aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase patients (ALT), serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) measurement indicators grouped according salvianolate continuous use different treatment patients were divided into two groups, continuous medication time > 14 d were defined as the observation group, ≤ 14 d were defined as the control group, continuous medication longer than 31 d were not included in the analysis. Each index number of the observation group and the control group were: ALT (268/1 465), AST (270/1 585), Cr (278/1 582), BUN (278/1 611). After using propensity score methods to balance two groups of covariates, based on unweighted logistic regression logistic regression propensity score weighting combined with propensity score weighting to adjust for covariates logistic regression of liver and kidney function in the two groups were analyzed. The results showed: three logistic regression analysis showed no likelihood of ALT, AST, Cr targets two groups of patients with abnormal statistically significant difference, continuous medication time > 14 d may increase the risk of abnormal BUN indicators, comprehensive analysis still can not explain use different treatment of patients salvianolate cause liver and kidney toxicity damage, still large prospective randomized controlled trials further study.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alanine Transaminase ; metabolism ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; metabolism ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Creatinine ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Injections ; Liver ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Plant Extracts ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Prospective Studies ; Young Adult

Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an ubiquitous and important transcription factor. It regulates antioxidant response elements (AREs)-mediated expression of antioxidant enzyme and cytoprotective proteins. A large body of research showed that Nrf2-Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, Keap 1)-ARE signaling pathway is involved in the endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms. Nrf2 increases the expression of a number of cytoprotective genes, protects cells and tissues from the injury of a variety of toxicants and carcinogens. As a result, Nrf2 enhances the expression of glutathione and antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase, and subsequently scavenging free radicals. Air pollution especially from PM2.5 particles, is associated with an increasing morbidity of inflammatory pulmonary diseases and their deterioration. More and more studies demonstrated that Nrf2 was a novel signaling molecule in the modulation of inflammatory responses in these inflammatory respiratory diseases, such as asthma, acute lung injury (ALI) and COPD. Therefore, Nrf2 targeting might be a therapeutic target, which will provide clinical benefit by reducing both oxidative stress and inflammation in asthma, acute lung injury (ALI) and COPD. This review focused on the relationship between Nrf2 and inflammatory respiratory diseases and oxidative stress.
Acute Lung Injury ; metabolism ; pathology ; Antioxidants ; metabolism ; Glutathione ; Glutathione Transferase ; metabolism ; Humans ; Inflammation ; metabolism ; pathology ; Lung ; pathology ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2 ; metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; metabolism ; pathology ; Signal Transduction

The accurate medical treatment is based on the information of the genome, which is the best treatment for the patients. Population pharmacokinetic study can be formulated according to the individual differences of patients to the dose, in the accurate medical model which has a unique advantage. At present, there are many problems such as adverse drug reaction in Chinese traditional medicine, and it is necessary to introduce a group of medicine on the basis of precise medical treatment. However, due to the different characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine and chemical medicine, it is necessary to combine the population pharmacokinetics, genetics and statistical methods to establish a research method which is in line with the characteristics of Chinese medicine. The key scientific problem is to make clear the active components of Chinese medicine metabolism of the drug metabolic enzyme gene, and pay attention to the analysis of the polymorphism of the overall role of drug metabolism enzymes in the human body. Clear key scientific issues and break through the bottleneck, so as to achieve the precise medical treatment, to international.
Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Pharmacokinetics

Objective To value the clinical application of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in cerebral diseases. Methods Six volunteers and 6 patients (including 3 patients with ischemic stroke and 3 patients with glioma) were examined by DTI and T1weighted, T2weighted MR scan. All data were processed with DtiStudio software to show the white matter fiber tracts. The fractional anisotropy (FA) of the diffusion tensor were measured between the affected and the unaffected side. Results The white matter fiber tract could be observed clearly on the FA map. The pyramidal tract with different degree disruption could be showed in 3 patients with ischemic stroke. Compression, displacement, infiltration or destruction of pyramidal tract, corpus callosum or internal capsule and external capsule could be seen in 3 patients with glioma, and FA was significantly reduced on the affected side as compared to the unaffected side. Conclusion Diffusion tensor imaging is useful in observing the damage and displacement of the white matter fiber tracts in vivo, beneficial to the surgical plan for patients and prognosing recovery of function.

To analyze the regularity in combined medication with Xiyanping injection (Xiyanping for short) in the real world by as- sociation rules. Totally 5 822 patients using Xiyanping injection was collected from the 18 Class III Grade I hospitals nationwide to study the combined medication information of the patient with lung infection and make the analysis by using association rules and Apriori. According to the results, major drugs combined with Xiyanping in treatment of lung infection included compound amino acid, inosine, coenzyme A, cytidine triphosphate, vitamin C. Common drugs combined with Xiyanping can be divided into 5 categories: nutrition support therapy (vitamin C, compound amino acid) , coenzymes (coenzyme A, cytidine triphosphate, inosine), expectorants and antiasthmatics (ambroxol, salbutamol, doxofylline), hormones (dexamethasone, budesonide), antibiotics (mainly cefminox). The main combined medicines mostly conformed to the regularity for drugs treating lung infection. In addition, there were two most common medical combination models: the model for Xiyanping combined a single medicine is Xiyanping + nutrition support therapy, while the model for Xiyanping combined two or more than two medicines is Xiyanping + nutrition support therapy + coenzyme. Pharmacologically, Xiyanping is mostly combined with western medicines with similar pharmacological effects to substitute or supplement the antibiotic effect in treating lung infection. However, further studies shall be conducted for the safety and rationality of the combined medication based on clinical practices, in order to provide reference for clinical medication.
Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; administration & dosage ; Ascorbic Acid ; administration & dosage ; Cephamycins ; administration & dosage ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Female ; Hospital Information Systems ; Humans ; Lung Diseases ; drug therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE:To optimize and improve the quality standards of Daziran wuhua yin. METHODS:TLC was used for the qualitative identification of Cichorii Herba,Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Gossampinus malabarica. HPLC was used for the contents determination of chlorogenic acid and tectoridin. The column was Diamonsil C18 with mobile phase of acetoni-trile-0.4% phosphoric acid(pH adjusted with to 2.05 with triethylamine)(10∶90,V/V,chlorogenic acid or 18∶82,V/V,tectoridin) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min,the detection wavelength was 327 nm(chlorogenic acid)or 265 nm(tectoridin),the column tempera-ture was 25 ℃,and the injection volume was 10 μl. RESULTS:TLC of Cichorii Herba,Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and G. malabarica showed clear spots and good separation. The linear range was 19.7-98.7 μg/ml for chlorogenic acid (r=0.999 5) and 25.4-126.8 μg/ml for tectoridin(r=0.999 8);RSDs of precision,stability and reprosucibility tests were lower than 4%,average re-coveries were 97.01%-104.98%(RSD=3.64%,n=9)、98.44%-104.58%(RSD=1.84%,n=9). CONCLUSIONS:The optimized and improved standard is helpful for the quality control of Daziran wuhua yin.

The characteristic fingerprint of conventional dairy Nanhanshuishi was established by X-ray diffraction (XRD), based on similarity of caculation on public peaks by MATLAB software, and the feasibility of new dairy technology of microwave method was explored between XRD and the dissolution rate in artificial simulation gastric juices. The result showed that similarity of shared peak in XRD of conventional dairy Nanhanshuishi was > 95%, This XRD characteristic fingerprint of conventional dairy Nanhanshuishi had strong specificity, could be used to provide a reference for identification and quality evaluation. This study also showed that the similarity of microware dairy products and conventional dairy products was good, and the sample of microwave 15 min was the best, and new dairy method by the microwave could replace the traditional method.
Animals ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; instrumentation ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Medicine, Tibetan Traditional ; Microwaves ; Milk ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; X-Ray Diffraction

OBJECTIVETo study the therapeutic effects of posterolateral depression fractures of the tibial plateau through a modified anterolateral approach.

METHODSFrom February 2011 to January 2012,13 patients with posterolateral depression fractures of the tibial plateau were treated through a modified anterolateral approach. There were 8 males and 5 females, ranging in age from 28 to 59 years old (49.2 years old on average). Data from patients were collected retrospectively as follows: X-ray, time of fracture healing and the complications of fracture healing. The patients were evaluated both clinically and radiologically according to the Rasmussen score system.

RESULTSAll the patients were followed up, and the duration ranged from 6 to 18 months (mean 13.7 months). All the patients got bony union. The average radiographic bony union time was 15.1 weeks (ranged, 11 to 17 weeks). No case of secondary articular depression was found. No complications such as malunion or joint stiffness were found. But 1 patient had superficial infection and 1 patient had common peroneal nerve injury. According to the Rasmussen score system,the mean radiological score was 16.50 ± 0.67 (ranged, 13 to 18), and the mean functional score was 25.20 ± 2.21 (ranged, 13 to 30). The mean range of knee motion was (125.3 ± 9.3)° (ranged, 0° to 135°).

CONCLUSIONTreatment of depression fractures of posterolateral tibial plateau with a modified anterolateral approach is a safe method with effective exposure, due to its stable fixation and relatively good outcome with minimal soft-tissue complications. It is regarded as an ideal procedure for depression fractures of posterolateral tibial plateau.

Adult ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; methods ; Fracture Healing ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Tibial Fractures ; surgery