Objective To study the spatial distribution and dynamics of human rabies cases at the county level, in Henan province to provide scientific evidence for the development of control program on rabies. Methods Data of human rabies cases at the county level from 2004 to 2010 in Henan province were analyzed by Poisson distribution and negative binomial distribution. Data calculation was conducted manually. Results According to the level of α =0.05 being set, there were three different results appeared: the first was fitted negative binomial distribution in 2004, 2005,2007 and 2009; the second was prioritized negative binomial distribution, but the poisson distribution could not be excluded in 2008 and 2010; the last one was fitted neither negative binomial distribution nor poisson distribution in 2006. By the clustering parameter k, the clustering degree at county level decreased from 2004 to 2008, then ascending in 2009 but descending again in 2010. The degree of clustering showed a positive correlation with the county mean cases in the prevalent counties (r=0.807,P=0.028). Conclusion As a whole,the distribution of human rabies at county level in Henan from 2004 to 2010 showed negative binomial distribution and presented the spatial clustering.However, the degree of clustering decreased in recent years and showed that the infection resource was possibly scattered more evenly at the county level.

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of Chang'an No. I Recipe (CA) on 5-hydroxytryptamine signal system and mRNA expression levels of hippocampal brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in visceral hypersensitivity model rats with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

METHODSIBS visceral hypersensitivity rat models were established by combined chronic restraint stress and forced swimming. Successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into the model group, the Dicetelgroup (27 mg/kg) , the Fluoxetine group (3.6 mg/kg), the high dose CA group (22.6 mg/kg), the medium dose CA group (11.3 mg/kg), and the low dose CA group (5.7 mg/kg) according to body weight, 9 in each group. Besides, a normal control group with 10 rats was set up. Corresponding medication was administered to rats in each treatment group. Equal volume of physiological saline was administered to rats in the model group by gastrogavage. All medication was performed once per day for a total of 14 days. Pain threshold was determined by abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR). Changes of colon 5-HT levels were determined by immunohistochemical assay. mRNA expression levels of hippocampal 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor (5-HT1a) and BDNF were detected by immunofluorescent RT-PCR.

RESULTSCompared with the normal control group before treatment, pain threshold was obviously lowered in proctectasia rats of each group (P < 0.01). Compared with the normal control group after treatment, pain threshold was obviously lowered in rats of the model group; colon 5-HT levels, mRNA expression levels of hippocampal 5-HT1a and BDNF were obviously elevated (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, pain threshold was obviously elevated in the Fluoxetine group and all CA groups; colon 5-HT levels were obviously reduced in the Dicetel group, high and medium dose CA groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.01); mRNA expression levels of hippocampal 5-HT1a and BDNF were obviously reduced in each CA group (P < 0.01); mRNA expression levels of hippocampal BDNF were obviously reduced in the Fluoxetine group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSThe target points of CA were involved in brain and gut. CA could reduce pain threshold of proctectasia rats, down-regulate colon mucosal 5-HT levels, and lower mRNA expression levels of BDNF and 5-HT1a in rat hippocampus.

Animals ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Hippocampus ; Hypersensitivity ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Irritable Bowel Syndrome ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Serotonin ; metabolism

China ; epidemiology ; Demography ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; Humans

This study is to investigate if madecassoside can protect against myocardial reperfusion injury in rabbit heart in vivo. The ischemia reperfusion model was established. Left ventricular function and ECG were monitored at the ischemia and reperfusion period. The infarct areas were expressed as percentage. The levels of LDH, CK, MDA and SOD were measured and C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum was measured by ELISA kit. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis were measured by TUNEL staining. A monoclonal rabbit anti-goat Bcl-2 proteins as primary antibody was used for Bcl-2 immunohistochemical staining. Treatment with madecassoside (3.2, 1.6 and 0.8 mg x kg(-1)) i.v. during ischemia reperfusion injury attenuated myocardial damage, that is, characteristic of decreasing infarct size, decreasing LDH and CK release. Activities of SOD were diminished and MDA level increased obviously in control group whereas pretreatment with madecassoside significantly blunted the decrease of SOD activity, markedly reduced the levels of MDA, CRP and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and upregulated the expression of Bcl-2. Madecassoside has the protective effect against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, and effects of anti-lipid peroxidation, enhancement of SOD activity, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; C-Reactive Protein ; metabolism ; Cardiotonic Agents ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Centella ; chemistry ; Creatine Kinase ; blood ; Electrocardiography ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; blood ; Lipid Peroxidation ; drug effects ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; blood ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; pathology ; Myocardium ; metabolism ; pathology ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; pathology ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; metabolism ; Rabbits ; Random Allocation ; Superoxide Dismutase ; blood ; Triterpenes ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology

To demonstrate and evaluate five different methods in the determination of temporal clustering on infectious diseases. The incidence rates of bacillary dysentery in Jinshui district, Zhengzhou city, Henan province from 2008 to 2010 were analyzed by 5 different methods-Cluster Analysis, Runs Test, Negative Binomial Distribution, Circular Distribution and Concentration Ratio. Through Cluster Analysis, data showed that the epidemic period was from May to Sept. with August as the peak. Runs Test confirmed a cluster of month-incidence in 2008 and 2009 (P < 0.05) and a random distribution in 2010. The Concentration Ratio showed a weakened seasonal incidence cluster to a certain extent by M from 2008 to 2010. The Circular Distribution demonstrated an inclining cluster of time (P < 0.01) and it was on July 11(th) and 29(th), as well on August 24(th) in 2008, 2009 and 2010. In terms of day-incidence, the Negative Binomial Distribution presented a cluster in 2008 and 2010, but with no significant difference in 2009. The five above said methods could flexibly be used in determining the temporal clustering of infectious disease at different occasions.
China ; Cluster Analysis ; Dysentery, Bacillary ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo search for an effective therapy for aorto-arteritis of arterial type in the head and arm.

METHODSEighty cases were randomly divided into an acupuncture and moxibustion group and a medication group, 40 cases in each group. Renying (ST 9), Taiyuan (LU 9), Jiquan (HT 1) and other acupoints were selected in the acupuncture group, and the medication group were treated with intravenous dripping of Fufang Danshen Liquid. Their therapeutic effects were observed.

RESULTSThe clinical cured rate and the total effective rate were 15.0% and 95.0% in the acupuncture group, and 0 and 75.0% in the medication group, respectively, with a very significant difference between the two groups in the therapeutic effect (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONAcupuncture and moxibustion has a definite therapeutic effect, which is significantly superior to that of the routine medication for aorto-arteritis of arterial type in the head and arm.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Arm ; Arteritis ; Humans ; Moxibustion

OBJECTIVETo investigate the way of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation and the mechanism of NF-kappaB-promoted proliferation in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer cells.

METHODSThe protein of IkappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha) was measured by Western blot and the influence on cell-cycle was assayed by flow cytometry (FCM).

RESULTSThe IKKalpha was tested higher in three ER-negative breast cancer cell lines than in MCF-7. The influence caused by epidermal growth factor (EGF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and E(2) to tumor cells' proliferation was tested. EGF could remarkably enhance cyclin D(1) expression about 83% more in EGF group than that in control group and proliferation index from 0.22 to 0.31 (P < 0.01). On the other hand, TNF-alpha inhibited cyclin D(1) expression. Protein kinase C inhibitor, Go6976, could peculiarly prevent NF-kappaB over-expression caused by EGF. The cell-cycle was assayed by FCM in phase G(0)/G(1) 69.36% and in phase S 22.77% when adding EGF and in phase G(0)/G(1) 91.54% and in phase S 7.81% when adding EGF and Go6976. The proliferation index decreased from 0.31 to 0.09 (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSEGF-EGFR pathway can provide ER-negative breast cancer cells the signal for the autonomous growth. This signal promoted tumor cells' proliferation is transmitted by activating NF-kappaB and expressing more cyclin D(1). In this pathway, NF-kappaB play an important role as signal transmitting. The strategy to NF-kappaB activating may provide new way to treat ER-negative breast cancers.

Breast Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Carbazoles ; pharmacology ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cyclin D1 ; biosynthesis ; Epidermal Growth Factor ; pharmacology ; Estradiol ; pharmacology ; Female ; Humans ; I-kappa B Kinase ; metabolism ; Indoles ; pharmacology ; NF-kappa B ; metabolism ; physiology ; Receptors, Estrogen ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinicopathological characteristics, diagnostic methods and prognosis of small pancreatic cancer.

METHODSFrom May 2000 to January 2007, 89 patients with pancreatic cancer underwent surgery in our hospital. Of those, 14 had a tumor < or = 2 cm in diameter (small tumor group), and the other 75 had a tumor >2 cm in diameter (controlled group). The clinicopathological data of all the cases were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed.

RESULTSIn the small pancreatic cancer group, CT and MRI detected 66.7% (8/12) and 77.8% (7/9) of the tumors, respectively. Serosal infiltration was found in 2 cases, lymph node involvement in 3 cases, and retroperitoneal infiltration in 3 cases. The follow-up duration of this group was 4-86 months. The overall 3- and 5-year survival rates were 42.8% and 31.7%, while in the control group, the overall 3- and 5-year survival rates were 29.7% and 22.5%, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed that the lymph node involvement, serosal infiltration and retroperitoneal infiltration were independent risk factors (P<0.05). However, the tumor size was not shown to be an independent risk factor (OR value = 1.45, P = 0.971).

CONCLUSIONCT and MRI are valuable in detecting small pancreatic cancer. Small pancreatic cancers are likely to have a better prognosis when compared with larger ones. Lymph node metastasis and local infiltration are independent predictors of prognosis but not tumor size.

Aged ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neoplasm Staging ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; surgery ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Retroperitoneal Space ; pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Serous Membrane ; pathology ; Survival Rate ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Tumor Burden

OBJECTIVETo analyze the clinical characteristics, surgical procedures and correlated prognostic factors of the cases with subglottic carcinoma; to seek for the optimal surgical treatment for the patients suffering from subglottic carcinoma.

METHODSTwenty-four cases with subglottic carcinoma were retrospectively reviewed, the disease-free survival rates of the patients at 3 years were analyzed according to the different T N phases and the surgical modalities.

RESULTSThe free-disease survival rate at 3 years was 50.0% (12/24) for 24 cases with subglottic carcinoma. The survival rates of 19 cases with total laryngectomy was 47.4% (9/19), and the survival rates in T2, T3, T4 phases were respectively 1/1, 6/11, 2/7. The survival rates of 5 cases with partial laryngectomy was 3/5, the survival rates in T2, T3 phases were respectively 3/4, 0/1, and the surgical margins were verified to be positive in 2 of 5 cases being performed partial laryngectomy. The metastasis rate of lymph nodes was 33.3% (8/24). The survival rates of patients with N0, N1, N2 disease were respectively 10/16, 1/4, 1/4. The positive lymph nodes were verified in the neck regions of II-VI and superior mediastinum.

CONCLUSIONSPrognoses of the cases with subglottic carcinoma were poor, early treatment could result in good effect. Until now total laryngectomy still the mainly treatment of subglottic carcinoma. Only the patients with earlier subglottic carcinoma are amenable to partial laryngectomy and should be given postoperative irradiation. Lymph node metastasis was a very important prognostic factor. Paratracheal lymph nodes are the sentinel nodes for subglottic carcinoma, and it is reasonable to probe the nodes. Once verifying positive lymph node, the typical neck dissection involving I-VI regions and superior mediastinum should be performed.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; mortality ; surgery ; Disease-Free Survival ; Female ; Glottis ; Humans ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; mortality ; surgery ; Laryngectomy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neck Dissection ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies

Objective To investigate the status of endemic fluorosis in Boxing County in Shandong Province at present,and to provide the scientific evidence for making strategies in prevention and control.Methods Children aged 8-12 years old and adults above 30 years old were selected from 8 endemic fluorosis villages in 2 fluorosis of children aged 8-12 years old were diagnosed by Dean method and skeletal fluomsis diagnosed by clinic and X-Rays.Results Eight villages in 2 towns were chosen underwent epidemiological investigation.Eight villages had water fluoride content＞4.50 mg/L.the highest water fluoride content was 5.78 mg/L.The total rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8-12 years old WaS 90.70%(195/215),the index of dental fluorosis was 2.15 and the rate of dental damage was 24.65%(53/215).The rate of skeletal fluorosis detected by clinic and X-rays in adults older than 30 years old were 30.71%(78/254)and 16.54%(42/254),respectively.The averaged fuoride level in urine wa8 over 1.50 mg/L in 98.95%(189/191)of children aged 8-12 years old and in 97.92%(235/240)adults older than 30 years old,with the highest respectively being 14.50 mg/L and 17.99 mg/L.Conclusions In Boxing County in Shandong Province,endemic fluorosis is not effectively controlled.So endemic fluorosis control mfist be strengthened.