Objective To describe the operative procedures.fracture patterns and clinical outcomes of treatment of posterior column tibial plateau fractures.Methods From February 2005 to August 2006,36 patients with posterior column tibial plateau fracture were operated on.Twenty patients were treated with open reduction and buttress plate fixation via a posterior approach.They were 13 males and 7 females,with a mean age of 38.5(ranging from 29 to 52)years.The other 16 patients were operated on via anterior plus posterior approaches.They were 11 males and 5 females,with a mean age of 37.3(ranging from 27 to 49) yeam. Results All were followed up for an average of 14.5(ranging from 12 to 15)months.All frac- tures got united with an average radiographic bone union time of 15.7(ranging from 11 to 16)weeks and an average full weight-bearing time of 17.6(range from 13 to 21)weeks.The mean HSS(The Hospital for special surgery)score of all these patients at 12 months postoperatively were 83.4(ranging from 68 to 92). There were 1 case of inferior medial genicular vessel injury during the operation,1 wound dehiscence and 1 partial incision necrosis postoperatively which were all eventually healed with conservative treatments.Three cases of numbness within the posterior lower part of the calf occurred postoperatively.No screw toggle,slide, dislodging or fixation failure was found during follow-up.There were no significant differences both between TPA and PA on radiographies and between immediately after operation and 12 months psstoperatively. Conclusion Open reduction and internal fixation with buttress plates via a posterior or anterior plus posterior approaches is appropriate for treatment of posterior column tibial plateau fractures.

AIM The purpose is to study the effect of Di p Cl benzoyl linesinine on experimental arrhythmias. METHODS The models used were caused by aconitine, ouabain and CaCl 2 repectively. RESULTS Di p Cl benzoyl linesinine 5 mg?kg -1 could increase the threshold dose of ventricular ectopic(VE), ventricular tachyacardia(VT), ventricular fibrillation(VF) and cardiac arrest(CA) caused by aconitine in rats and that by ouabain in ginuea pigs; delay the onset time of arrhythmia and decrease the incidence of VE,VF and CA induced by CaCl 2 in rats. CONCLUSION Di p Cl benzoyl linesinine possesses extensive effects of antiarrhythmia on ventricle.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the critical questions on the development and evaluation of biosimilars. METHODS: Topics such as the option of developing approach and evaluation method, the original concept and understanding of biosimilars, the challenge and risk of developing biosimilars, the chapter and items related to application of biosimilars in regulation for drug registration, etc., were addressed in combination with the drafting of guidance on biosimilars. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: It was recommended that comparative studies applicable for candidate drugs be designed and appropriate developing approach be selected refering to the guidance on biosimilars. The manufacturing process, scale, and batches used for the comparative studies should be evaluated in terms of representativeness and rationality. The technical requirements as well as the challenge and complexity for the judgement of similarity should also be well understood. The decision on developing biosimilars should be made based on risk analysis and comprehensive understanding of the internal characteristics including critical quality attributes of the reference products and candidate drug.

Objective To utilize the expert resource in central hospital for helping doctors in community hospital to make suitable diagnosis and treatment,improve the technical level of community medical care. Methods The Telemedicine Diagnosis System is developed based on B/S mode and Microsoft Visual Studio.net C#2005 in Windows platform. Results The Telemedicine Diagnosis System has been developed, and realized the function of interface display, information management, medical image transmission and telemedicine diagnosis. Conclusion The system has friendly interface, simple operation, more reliability and quick data transmission, and it can accurately realize the experts' telemedicine diagnosis in time.

Objective To explore the psychological availability of the full-time candidates for master degree of nursing during the clinical work. Methods A phenomenological approach was adopted in this study. About 11 full-time candidates for master's degree of nursing took part in the semi-structured and in-depth interviews and the acquired data were analysed. Results About 4 themes promoting psychological availability were identified: strong research knowledge and skills, career development confidence, perception of attention from leaders and more satisfactory salary. The four themes hindering psychological availability were:clinical work tasks, lower level of expertise, lack of social support and lower perception of self benefit. Conclusions The full-time candidates for master's degree hold active perception and much expectation about their clinical work but meanwhile they feel passive and disappointed. Nursing administrators should develop distinguishing and definite clinical personnel training and continuing education programs for them, offer them an access to learning chances and emotional support in order to improve the psychological availability and stabilize the nursing team.

Dose-effect relationship is an important topic as well as difficulties in clinical studies on Chinese herbal compounds. The relevant concepts of the dose-effect relationship, its features, its backgrounds, directions and roles of clinical studies on the dose-effect relationship of Chinese herbal compounds were discussed in this essay. The current state of clinical studies was introduced. The confronting challenges of clinical studies were also analyzed, thus providing references for the establishment of appropriate clinical research methods in line with Chinese medicine features.
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Phytotherapy

OBJECTIVE:To optimize and improve the quality standards of Daziran wuhua yin. METHODS:TLC was used for the qualitative identification of Cichorii Herba,Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Gossampinus malabarica. HPLC was used for the contents determination of chlorogenic acid and tectoridin. The column was Diamonsil C18 with mobile phase of acetoni-trile-0.4% phosphoric acid(pH adjusted with to 2.05 with triethylamine)(10∶90,V/V,chlorogenic acid or 18∶82,V/V,tectoridin) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min,the detection wavelength was 327 nm(chlorogenic acid)or 265 nm(tectoridin),the column tempera-ture was 25 ℃,and the injection volume was 10 μl. RESULTS:TLC of Cichorii Herba,Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and G. malabarica showed clear spots and good separation. The linear range was 19.7-98.7 μg/ml for chlorogenic acid (r=0.999 5) and 25.4-126.8 μg/ml for tectoridin(r=0.999 8);RSDs of precision,stability and reprosucibility tests were lower than 4%,average re-coveries were 97.01%-104.98%(RSD=3.64%,n=9)、98.44%-104.58%(RSD=1.84%,n=9). CONCLUSIONS:The optimized and improved standard is helpful for the quality control of Daziran wuhua yin.

Objective To investigate the sleep quality of cancer patients before and after cancer so as to take effective measures to improve sleep quality of cancer patients.Methods In Xinjiang autonomous region,72 cancer patients in the Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy were surveyed for the study group and 61 benign patients as control group.The instruments including self-made general status and sleep status survey before cancer,and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index scale were used respectively.Results In the study group,40 people had sleep disorders (55.5％) before the cancer,significantly higher than control group people in 15 (24.5％),and the total Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) scores on average (14.00 ±2.39) were significantly higher than the control group (11.19 ± 2.45).The PSQI had seven sleep quality factors,with the statistical differences between two groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Chronic insomnia patients are more prone to cancer,cancer patients sleep quality is poorer,and the adjustment of the sleep disorders has more importance.Paying more attention to the regulation of cancer patients to sleep helps to improve the patient's quality of life.

Objective To investigate the expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 2 (NOD2)in serum of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC),and to analyse the roles of NOD2 in HCC development and its clinical diagnostic value.Methods This study including 66 patients with HCC in the hospi-tal from March 1,2013 to December 31,2014 and 61 healthy controls.Serum NOD2 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Analysis of significance was performed with rank sum test using SPSS statistical 16.0 software.Results Serum levels of NOD2 in HCC patients were 171 pg/ml,significantly higher than that of healthy controls(95 pg/ml,Z =-5.00,P =0.00),and the serum NOD2 levels were correla-ted with clinical stage of HCC (H=56.26,P =0.00).Compared with the serum NOD2 levels in stageⅠ,Ⅱpatients (106 pg/ml)and healthy controls (95 pg/ml),the serum NOD2 level in stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ (220 pg/ml) were significantly increased (χ2 =31.24,P =0.00;χ2 =47.23,P =0.00),but the expression of NOD2 in stageⅠandⅡwere nearly equal to that of the healthy controls (χ2 =0.36,P =0.83).The ROC analysis revealed that the best diagnostic cutoff-point of serum NOD2 levels for predicting the Ⅲ and Ⅳ stages of HCC was 148.78 pg/ml,meanwhile corresponding sensitivity was 89.1% and specificity was 77.0%.Additionally,corre-lation analysis demonstrated that there was no significant correlation between NOD2 and alpha-fetal protein (r =0.44,P =0.14).Survival curves obtained that the survival time of HCC patients with NOD2 serum concentrations≥ 200 pg/ml was significantly less than that <200 pg/ml (χ2 =15.32,P <0.05).Conclusion NOD2 is highly expressed in the serum of HCC patients,especially in advanced patients,which is possibly involved in the development of HCC and has the potential to become an effective marker used for HCC diagnosis.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of multi-slice spiral CT (MSCT) in classifying coronary arteries of complete transposition of great arteries (D-TGA). Methods The clinical and imaging data of 367 patients with D-TGA who had undergone MSCT examination from March 2005 to June 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The origin and course of the coronary arteries of the patients were classified according to the Marie Lannelongue classification. There were four patterns of courses: normal, looping, intramural and miscellaneous. And the four patterns were subdivided into eleven subgroups. The anatomic classification of coronary arteries in D?TGA were recorded, and the ratio of descriptive statistics was used according to categorical variable data. Results All the origin and course of the coronary arteries could be clearly displayed on MSCT. Of 367 patients with D-TGA, 209 cases (56.95%) were normal course (typeⅠ), 138 cases (37.60%) were looping course (typeⅡ), 16 cases (4.36%) were intramural course (typeⅢ), and 4 cases (1.09%) were miscellaneous course (typeⅣ). In looping course, the posterior looping (typeⅡA), anterior looping (typeⅡB) and double looping (typeⅡC) were found in 63 cases (17.17%), 30 cases (8.17%) and 45 cases (12.26%), respectively. The ratios of the anatomic classification of looping courses wereⅡA-1 44(11.99%),ⅡA-2 19(5.18%),ⅡB-1 12(3.27%),ⅡB-2 8(2.18%),ⅡB-3 10(2.72%),ⅡC-1 25 (6.81%),ⅡC-2 17(4.63%),ⅡC-3 3(0.82%). Conclusions MSCT is an effective technique to visualize and classify the coronary arteries in patients with D-TGA. And it is helpful for successful transfer of the coronary arteries and reducing the rate of coronary events after operation.