OBJECTIVE:To investigate the mechanism of litchi saponin in impr oving action of insulin resistance(IR)in rats with hyperlipemia-hepar adiposum.METHODS:The hyperlipemia-hepar adiposum was used to establish IR model of rats,the effects of litchi saponin,roglitazone and gliclazide on the index of fasting serum glucose(FSG),total cholesterol(TC),triacylglycerol(TG),high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C),tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-?,content of insulin,in?sulin sensitivity(ISI)and so on were observed in the model rats2hours after medication.RESULTS:Litchi saponin could sig?nificantly lower the level of FSG,TC,TG,contents of insulin and the concentration of TNF-?(P

Objective To investigate the expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and its associated mechanism during the wound healing. Methods The animal model with the full-thickness skin injury was used in the study. Fifty male mice were involved in the study and divided randomly into control group (n = 25) and GM-CSF group (n = 25). Each group had five time points (5 mice per time point). All the mice received full-thickness skin defect (1 cm × 1 cm) through the panniculus camosus on the midline of the back near the neck after anesthesia. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (RhGM-CSF) gel (10 μg/cm2) were applied in the GM-CSF group and gel matrix without RhGM-CSF applied in the control group. The wound healing time and rate were observed at days 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 after injury. The wound specimens were collected to detect the histopathological change. The microvessel density of the wound was counted based on the results of CD31 immunohistochemistry. RT-PCR was employed to detect the expression changes of GMCSF, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) , vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF) and stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1). Results RT-PCR results showed that the gene expression of GM-CSF reached the peak at day 3 after injury (P＜0. 01) and kept the high level at days 3-10 after injury (P＜ 0. 05) , followed by a sharp decrease to a normal level at day 14 after wound. The wound healing time was average (2.4 ±0. 3) days earlier than the control mice after application of rhGM-CSF, with significant increase of the wound healing rate during 7-14 days after injury ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). In the GM-CSF group, the early histology of trauma wound showed a small number of neutrophils, obvious epithelial cell proliferation in the wound margin, marked hyperplasia of the granulation tissue, high cell density with quantity of spindle-shaped and oval-shaped cells and increased number of new blood vessels. The microvessel density was also increased significantly (P ＜ 0. 05) at days 7-14 after injury. The gene expressions of VEGF and SDF-1 were significantly increased at day 7 and day 10 respectively after injury (P＜0.05) and the gene expression of pro-healing factor PDGF was significantly increased in every time point (at days 5, 7 and 10,P＜0.05;at day 14,P＜0.01). Conclusion GM-CSF expresses highly in the early stage after injury and can promote the wound healing, when the mechanism may relate to the up-regulated expressions of pro-angiogenic factors and pro-healing growth factors.

The chemical constituents of Safflower injection were isolated and purified by polyamide, silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, ODS column chromatographies and preparative HPLC. As a result, sixteen compounds have been isolated. Based on the spectral data analysis, their structures were elucidated as scutellarin (1), kaempferol-3-O-β-rutinoside(2), hydroxysafflor yellow A(3), rutin (4), coumalic acid(5), adenosine(6), syringoside(7), (3E)-4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one(8), (8Z)-decaene-4, 6-diyne-1-Oβ-D-glucopyranoside(9), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (10), (2E, 8E) -tetradecadiene-4, 6-diyne-1, 12, 14-triol-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11), kaem-pferol-3-O-β-sophorose (12), uridine (13), roseoside (14), cinnamic acid (15), and kaempferol (16). Compounds 1,2,7,9,11 and 12 were isolated from the Safflower injection for the first time. The anti-platelet aggregation activities of the isolated compounds were assayed. The results indicated all tested compounds exhibited potent activity except for 5, while 2, 3, 9 and 12 showed strong activity against platelet aggregation.
Animals ; Blood Platelets ; drug effects ; physiology ; Carthamus tinctorius ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Fibrinolytic Agents ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Molecular Structure ; Platelet Aggregation ; drug effects ; Rabbits ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization

Objective To investigate the intelligence standard for diagnose the sub-cretin children and children with mental retardation of socio-cultural type.Methods The full intelligence quotient(IQ),verbal intelligence quotient(VIQ)and performance intelligence quotient(PIQ)was tested by Wechsler scale(C-WISC)for mild iodine deficiency disordem children,children living in abnormal socio-cultural condition and normal children aged 7～14 years old in Qinba mountain area.The test results had been compared between the groups.Results There were no significant difference between psychomotor functioning well children and children living normal sociocuhural condition in VIQ,PIQ and full IQ(89.24±18.44 vs 90.75±17.58,87.58±15.78 vs 88.95±15.56,87.42±17.84 vs 89.02±17.18,t=1.14,1.19 and 1.24,respectively,all P＞O.05).PIQ and full IQ were significantly lower in mild iodine deficiency disorders children than in children with abnormal socio-cultural background (65.81±10.22 vs 72.33±13.23,62.42±12.31 vs 68.13±14.54,t=3.26,2.55,P＜0.01 or＜0.05,respectively).But the VIQ was not significantly different between these two groups.The average difference of VIQ and PIQ among mild iodine deficiency disorders children wag-0.32 without significant difierence(t=0.28,P＞0.05),however it was-2.91 among children under abnormal socio-cultural condition with significant difierenee(t=-3.59,P＜0.01).Conclusions IQ for iodine deficiency disorders children is characterized by that VIQ is damaged in parallel with PIQ,while that in children under abnormal soeio-cuhural condition is marked by that VIQ is retarded more severely than PIQ,which ean be used as an intelligence standard for differentiating the sub-cretin children from children wjth socio-cuhural mental retardation.

Azygos Vein ; injuries ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Thoracic Injuries ; complications ; Wounds, Nonpenetrating ; complications

OBJECTIVETo observe the short-term therapeutic effects of Herbert screw fixation on type Mason II, Ill radial head fractures.

METHODSFrom March 2008 to July 2010,15 patients with Mason II, III radial head fractures were treated by open reduction and Herbert screw fixation including 6 males and 9 females with the mean age of 32 years (from 18 to 55). Seven cases were left and 8 cases were right. The interval from injury to hospitalization ranged from 3 to 10 hours. The clinical symptoms were swelling, pain, restricted movement in elbow. Bonycrepitus were heard on the elbow joint and X-ray film showed radial head fractures. Mayo elbow scoring system was used to evaluate recovery of elbow function.

RESULTSAll the incisions primarily healed without myositis ossificans. All the patients were followed up for 6 to 15 months. According to Mayo elbow score, the result was excellent in 8 cases, good in 5 cases and fair in 2 cases. Mayo score was (86.67+/-1.26) points, which including pain (53.33+/-9.76), joint function(27.33+/-4.58), joint stability(6.00+/-2.07) elbow joint mobility was 70 degrees-130 degrees with the average of (105+/-10) degrees, forearm rotation was 1000-1300 with the average of (120+/-16) degrees.

CONCLUSIONTreatment of Mason II, II radial head fractures with Herbert screw fixation has advantages of satisfactory reduction, reliable fixation,easy operating and early movement of joint.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Bone Screws ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Radius Fractures ; surgery

AIMTo investigate the effects of fungal elicitors on inophyllums production in suspension cultured cell of Calophyllum inophyllum Linn.

METHODSThe pathogen of leaf spot disease of C. inophyllum L. was isolated and prepared as fungal elicitor. The fungal elicitor was added to the medium with different concentrations and culture period. Their effects on biomass and inophyllums content of the suspension of cultured cells were studied.

RESULTSThe optimum effects of S-I fungal elicitor concentrations on inophyllums content was 60 mg GE x L(-1). Adding the fungi elicitor into the cell suspension culture system at stationary phase (being cultured for 18 days) resulted in a highest inophyllum content of 59.174 mg x L(-1) at the 3rd day with 27% higher than control. Fungal elicitor treatment promoted the inophyllums accumulation in medium.

CONCLUSIONAdding the Stagonospora curtisii (Berk.) Sacc. to the medium was effective approaches to enhance inophyllums yield in the suspension of C. inophyllum L culture cell.

Calophyllum ; cytology ; metabolism ; Cell Division ; Cells, Cultured ; Coumarins ; metabolism ; Culture Media ; Mitosporic Fungi ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on wound healing and mammalian target of sirolimus (rapamycin) signaling pathway in rats.

METHODSFifty SD rats were divided into control group (n = 25) and treatment group (n = 25) according to the random number table. All rats were inflicted with 2 cm × 2 cm full-thickness skin wound on the back. Recombinant human GM-CSF gel (10 µg/cm(2)) was applied onto the wounds in treatment group, and the actual quantity was 1 × 10(-4) µg/cm(2). Gel vehicle (10 µg/cm(2)) without any medicine was applied onto the wounds in control group. The treatment was conducted once a day up to the day of wound healing. Five rats from two groups were sacrificed on post injury day (PID) 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 respectively to observe and determine the wound healing rate. Wound tissue samples were collected at the former 4 time points to observe the histopathological changes with HE staining, and to detect the content of GM-CSF with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the expression levels of GM-CSF, CD31, and the mTOR signal pathway associated molecules P70S6K, phosphorylated (p-) P70S6K, 4E-BP1, p-4E-BP1, mTOR, p-mTOR with Western blotting. Data were processed with t test.

RESULTS(1) Wound healing rates in control group and treatment group were close on PID 1 (t = 0.307, P > 0.05). Wound healing rate in treatment group was obviously higher than that in control group on PID 3, 5, 7, and 14 (with t values from 2.704 to 4.030, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). (2) Compared with those in control group, more abundant granulation tissue was observed in treatment group, in which an increase in the number of microvessels and obvious proliferation of keratinized epithelial cells in wound margin were observed at each time point. (3) The content and the protein expression level of GM-CSF peaked on PID 3 in two groups, and they were (720.9 ± 0.9) pg/mL, 2.45 ± 0.10 in control group and (910.5 ± 1.3) pg/mL, 2.80 ± 0.48 in treatment group. The content of GM-CSF in treatment group was significantly higher than that in control group at each time point (with t values from 105.743 to 298.971, P values all equal to 0.000). The protein expression level of GM-CSF in treatment group was significantly higher than that in control group on PID 1, 5, and 7 (with t values from 4.070 to 5.275, P values all below 0.01). (4) The expression level of CD31 in treatment group was obviously higher than that in control group on PID 1, 3, and 7 (with t values from 7.237 to 26.401, P values all below 0.01). (5) The expression levels of mTOR and p-mTOR in treatment group were significantly higher than those in control group at each time point (with t values from 2.921 to 23.143, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). In treatment group, the expression level of P70S6K was obviously higher than that in control group on PID 3, 5, and 7 (with t values from 2.950 to 5.275, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and the expression level of p-P70S6K was significantly higher than that in control group on PID 1, 3, and 7 (with t values from 3.307 to 22.793, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). In treatment group, the expression level of 4E-BP1 was significantly lower than that in control group on PID 1, 3, and 5 (with t values from 2.449 to 6.431, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), but the expression level of p-4E-BP1 was significantly higher than that in control group on PID 1, 3, and 7 (with t values from 5.522 to 11.613, P values all below 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSGM-CSF can promote wound healing in rats by activating mTOR signaling pathway through phosphorylating mTOR proteins and its downstream signal molecules P70S6K and 4E-BP1.

Animals ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor ; pharmacology ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Recombinant Proteins ; pharmacology ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; Sirolimus ; pharmacology ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases ; metabolism ; Wound Healing ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the technique and effect of treating malignant tumors of maxilla with postoperative brachytherapy by digital model obturators containing (125)I radioactive seeds.

METHODSFour patients with adnoid cystic carcinomas and two with squamous cell carcinomas in the maxilla were included in this study. All patients accepted (125)I seeds implantation after operation, and wore digital model obturators containing (125)I seeds. The prescription dose was 80 Gy. All patients were followed up every 2 months after treatment.

RESULTSThe total number of seeds used in these six patients was 189, and 105 seeds were contained in obturators. Radioactive seeds and doses distributed very well as designed in all patients. No tumors recurred after follow up of 12-16 months and there were no severe complications.

CONCLUSIONSIt's an effective way to treat malignant tumors with positive excision margin in the maxilla by brachytherapy using digital model obturators which contain (125)I radioactive seeds.

Adult ; Aged ; Brachytherapy ; methods ; Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic ; radiotherapy ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; radiotherapy ; Female ; Humans ; Iodine Radioisotopes ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Maxillary Neoplasms ; radiotherapy ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

AIMTo investigate the effects of Nrf2 (Nuclear-E2 related factor) on gamma-glutamylcysteine synthase (gamma-GCS) in lung of guinea pigs with bronchial asthma.

METHODS20 adult male guinea pigs were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10): control group (C group) and asthmatic group (A group), asthmatic model was established by ovalbumin intraperitoneal and ovalbumin inhalation. The reactive oxygen piece (ROS), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidant glutathione (GSSG) and total GSH in lung tissue were examined respectively. Inflammatory cell infiltration and index of remodeling of bronchiole were detected. In situ hybridization detected the gamma-GCS heavy subunit (gamma-GCS h) mRNA in lung tissue. Immunohistochemistry detected the expression of Nrf2 protein and gamma-GCS protein in lung tissue. RT-PCR measured the expression of Nrf2 mRNA in lung tissue. The activity of gamma-GCS was measured by coupled enzyme assay.

RESULTS(1) The number of eosinophils and lymphocytes in bronchiole of A group were significantly higher than that of C group (P < 0.05), the remodeling of bronchiole in A group was definite. (2) ROS (U/mg pro), GSSG (micromol/g pro) and total GSH in lung tissue of A group were significantly higher than that of C group (P < 0.01). The GSH/GSSG in lung tissue of A group was much lower than that of C group (P < 0.01), GSH in lung tissue showed no difference between A group and C group. (3) Immunohistochemistry indicated that Nrf2 protein and gamma-GCS protein were more positively expressed in A group than that in C group (P < 0.01). In situ hybridization discovered that the expression of gamma-GCS-h mRNA in lung tissue of A group was more positive than that of C group. (4) RT-PCR showed that the expression of Nrf2 mRNA was no difference between A group and C group (P > 0.05). (5) The activity of gamma-GCS of A group was (28 +/- 8)U which was significantly higher than that of C group (9 +/- 2)U (P < 0.01). (6) Linear correlation analysis indicated that in lung tissue of guinea pig with asthma there existed strongly positive relationship among ROS, GSSG and the expression of Nrf2, gamma-GCS mRNA, gamma-GCS protein, the activity of gamma-GCS, there existed strongly negative relationship among GSH/GSSG and the expression of Nrf2, gamma-GCS mRNA, gamma-GCS protein, the activity of gamma-GCS.

CONCLUSIONThere existed oxidative stress in lung of guinea pigs with bronchial asthma, which possibly positively regulated gamma-GCS via up regulating transcription factor Nrf2.

Animals ; Asthma ; metabolism ; Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase ; metabolism ; Guinea Pigs ; Lung ; metabolism ; Male ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2 ; metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics