Abstract Exposure to atmospheric PM2.5 is closely related to the morbidity and mortality of kidney diseases such as chronic kidney disease, membranous nephropathy and kidney cancer. Acute and chronic PM2.5 exposure lead to the damage of glomerular filtration and kidney tissue of mice. PM2.5 induces cellular oxidative stress, inflammatory response, endoplasmic reticulum stress, renin angiotensin system and bradykinin system activation, so that causes renal blood vessel and tissue damage, decreases glomerular filtration rate and clearance capacity, and mediates the occurrence of kidney damage and diseases. This article reviews the studies into the impact of PM2.5 on kidney and its mechanism form 2016 to 2020, so as to provide the basis for the prevention and treatment of kidney injury induced by PM2.5.

AIM:To investigate the differences among Lenstar 900, A-scan ultrasound and keratometer in measurement of axial length ( AL ) , anterior chamber depth ( ACD ) and corneal curvature ( K1 , K2 , Km ) , and evaluate the consistency of the instruments, with the purpose providing references for the clinical application of Lenstar 900.
METHODS: In this study we picked up 36 patients ( 50 eyes ) underwent cataract surgery, and lens nucleus hardness were under level IV. Before the operation, AL, ACD and K1 , K2 , Km were measured by Lenstar 900, A-scan ultrasound and keratometer respectively. The differences between the results were compared by the paired t-test. The correlation of the results was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis, and the consistency was measured by Bland-Ahamn method.
RESULTS: The mean AL and ACD values measured by Lenstar 900 and A-scan ultrasound had no significantly statistic differences (P>0. 05). The K1, K2, Km measured by Lenstar 900 and keratometer were not significantly statistical different (P>0. 05). The results measured by these three instruments had close linearity correlation ( r>0.9, P<0. 01). The consistency of the results was well in Bland-Ahamn analysis.
CONCLUSION:The preoperatively biometric result of Lenstar 900, A - scan ultrasound and keratometer in patients with cataract are all reliable, and they can be substituted by each other. However, Lenstar 900 can not only measure AL, ACD and corneal curvature at the same time, but also cornal thickness, lens thickness, white to white, pupil size, optical axis eccentricity, retinal thickness and so on. It has a number of advantages such as non-touching, convenient and efficient, and can be recommended to use widely.

Objective To investigate the fluctuation of the iodine deficiency disorders(IDD) through continuous monitoring on it. Methods During 2005-2008, 10 monitoring countis (city,district) of IDD were selected in Jiangxi Province. Five townships were selected in each monitoring county, one school was selected in each townships, and 40 students in 8-10 years old from each school were selected to inspect their thyroid glands and determined the idodine content of salts from their home. Among the 40 students, 20 of which were selected to determine the intelligence quotient(IQ) and 6 of which were selected to determine urine iodine. Thirty pregnant women were also selected to determine the urine iodine in each monitoring county. Twenty students of 5th grade in each school and 5 housewives living nearby the school were selected to carry out the questionnaire survey of health education about IDD. Results Monitoring results showed the average goiter rote of 8-10 years old students was between 2.00% and 4.60% during 2005-2008. The rate of IQ of the students higher than 90 was all above 76% each year. The median of urine iodine of students and pregnant women was higher than 100 μg/L, and the proportion of people whose urine iodine content was lower than 50 μg/L was below 4% each year. The rate of inhabitant taking qualified idodine salt wasn't lower than 95%. The pass rate of the questionnaire survey of health education about IDD was between 11.67% and 43.50% in students and 92.50%-99.60% in housewives. Conclusions The situation of iodine deficiency in Jiangxi Province has been greatly improved, reaching the standard of eliminating IDD.

Objective To introduce the experience and analyze the clinical outcome of applica- tion of reinforced bar-ring hybrid external fixator combined with limited internal fixation for complex frac- turcs of tibia plateau in patients.Methods From Aug.2002 to Feb.2005,21 patients with complex fractures of tibial plateau were treated with reinforced bar-ring hybrid external fixatar combined with lim- ited internal fixation.According to Schatzker classification,there were 13 patients with typeⅤfracture and 8 with typeⅥfracture.Voluntary and non-weight beating knee joint motion to partially weight bear- ing was taken one week after operation.Progressive loading was taken continuously until there was clinical evidence of fracture stability and then full weight bearing was done.Results The mean follow-up peri- od was 15.9 months (10-24 months).All the fractures got united and the mean union time was 4.2 months(3-8 months).All the injured knees could extend to less than 5 degrees and flex to more than 90 degrees after rehabilitation.Evaluated by Merchant score system for knee joint,81% of patients achieved excellent healing (7 cases) and good healing (10 cases).Conclusion Operation by using reinforced bar-ring hybrid external fixator combined with limited internal fixation can reduce complications and avoid stiffness of the knee joint.It is an effective method for complex fractures of tibial plateau.

Objective To study the clinical and imaging characteristics of patients with infectious sacroiliac arthritis.Method Twenty-one patients diagnosed with infectious sacroiliac arthritis were analyzed retrospectively between 2000 and 2014.The chief complaint was pain in hip and lumbosacral area.Their clinical features,laboratory tests and pathological examination results as well as CT/MRI/PET-CT images were evaluated.Results There were nine males and thirteen females eighteen (85.7％) patients had unilateral sacroiliac joint involvement.Among these patients,three were diagnosed with brucellosis sacroiliac arthritis(BSI),eight patients with tuberculosis sacroiliac arthritis (TSI),and ten patients with non-brucellosis and non-tuberculosis infectious sacroiliac arthritis (ISI).For those patients with non-brucellosis and non-tuberculosis infectious sacroiliac arthritis,white blood cell count,erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP)were dramatically increased.Twelve patients were diagnosed pathologically including 6 ISI,2 BSI and 4 TSI.Twelve patients and seventeen patients were scanned by CT and MRI respectively.Two patients undertook PET-CT examination.Antibiotic therapy showed significant therapeutic effects in all patients.Conclusion Infectious sacroiliac arthritis patients with hip or lumbosacral pain as the chief complaint can be easily misdiagnosed as spondyloarthritis.Comprehensive analysis of clinical features,imaging and laboratory findings is essential for accurate diagnosis.

Objective to explore the safety and clinical efficacy of CT-guided radioactive seed implantation in treating recurrent rectum carcinoma. Methods CT-guided ~(125)I radioactive seed implantation was carried out in 20 patients with recurrent rectal carcinoma. Treatment planning system was used preoperatively to reconstruct three dimensional image of the tumor and to calculate the estimated seed number and distribution. The tumor matched peripheral dose (MPD) of the radioactive seeds was 80-130 Gy. The radioactivity of the seeds was 0.5-0.8 mCi/seed and the median implanted seeds was 48 (range 25-95) in number. CT scan was made immediately after the implantation to check the quality of the seeds. Change of pain score, tumor size and complications were recorded during the follow-up period. Results Twenty cases composed of 12 males and 8 females, aged 38 to 78 years (median age of 62 years). The follow-up period lasted 2-28 months. On an average, 3 to 7 days after the procedure patients experienced significant pain relief. CT scan performed 2 months after the procedure revealed that complete relief (CR) of the tumor was seen in 2 cases, partial relief (PR) in 13 cases, no change (NC) in 3 cases and progression (PD) in 2 cases. The total effective rate (CR + PR) was 75%. The median survival time was 18.8 months. The survival rate of 1 and 2 years was 75% and 25% respectively. Two cases died of tumor deterioration and 3 cases died of extensive metastases. No complications such as frequent micturation, pain on urination and hematuria occurred during the follow-up period. Conclusion CT-guided ~(125)I radioactive seed implantation is a safe and effective interventional treatment for recurrent rectal carcinoma with reliable short-term efficacy and excellent anti-pain effect.

Objective To discuss the clinical efficacy of CT-guided radioactive ~(125)I seed implantation treatment for unresectable pancreatic cancer. Methods Forty patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer were enrolled in this study, including 25 males and 15 females with an median age of 69 years (38-89 years). Treatment planning system (TPS) was used to reconstruct 3-dimensional images of pancreatic tumor and to define the quantity and distribution of ~(125)I seeds. The radioactivity of ~(125)I seeds was 0.5-0.8 mCi/seed. The seeds were implanted into pancreatic tumor under CT guidance at intervals of 1 cm and were kept away from vessels, pancreatic duct and other adjacent important organs. The tumor matched peripheral dose (MPD) was 60-140 Gy. The median amount of implanted ~(125)I seeds was 36 (18-68) in number. CT scan was performed immediately after the procedure to check the quality of the seeds. In addition, 10 patients received concurrent chemotherapy with arterial infusion of gemcitabin and 5-fluororacil (5-Fu) for 3 to 4 therapeutic courses. Results The median diameter of the tumors was 4.9 cm. The follow-up period was 2 to 28 months. After the treatment the refractory pain was significantly relieved (P < 0.05), and Karnofsky score was dramatically increased (P < 0.05). Most patients experienced relief of pain within 2-5 days after implantation. Two months after treatment, on CT scans the tumors showed completed relief (CR) in 3 cases, partial relief (PR) in 20 cases, no change (NC) in 14 cases and progression (PD) in 3 cases. The overall effective rate (CR+PR) was 57.5%. The median survival time for all patients was 10.2 months, while it was 14.7 months, 10.9 months and 7.1 months for patients in stage Ⅱ, stage Ⅲ and stage IV respectively. For patients in stage Ⅱ, stage Ⅲ and stage Ⅳ, the 6-month cumulative survival rate was 100%, 88% and 62% respectively, while the 12-month cumulative survival rate was 70% , 41% and 0% respectively. After the therapy, liver metastasis occurred in 5 cases and chemoembolization was employed. In three patients, immigration of four radioactive seeds to the liver was found. No serious complications, such as upper GI bleeding, pancreatitis, pancreatic fistula formation and radiation colitis, occurred during the follow-up period. Conclusion CT-guided radioactive ~(125)I seed implantation is a safe, effective and minimally-invasive brachytherapy for unresectable pancreatic cancer with reliable short-term efficacy. It has an excellent anti-pain effect. The curative results can be further improved when chemotherapy is employed together. However, its long-term efficacy needs to be observed.

Objective To determine the safety and efficacy of minimally invasive surgical treatment for post-traumatic thoracolumbar kyphosis. Methods A retrospective review was performed on seven patients with post-traumatic thoracolumbar kyphosis admitted from April 2009 to February 2010.There were four males and three females, at average age of 45.3 years. After general anesthesia, minimally invasive transarticular osteotomy and multi-level SextantTM percutaneous reduction and internal fixation were performed under QuadrantTM working tube system. The status of pain and ability was evaluated by using visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI). The kyphotic deformity was evaluated by using the Cobb's angle. Results The operation lasted for mean 135 minutes, with mean perioperative blood loss of 106 ml but with no any complications occurred. The mean follow -up period was 5.5 months ( range 4 -16 months ). The mean VAS score was improved from preoperative ( 7.6 ±3.5) points to postoperative (2.5 ± 1.3) points, with statistical difference (P ＜0.01 ). The mean ODI was improved from preoperative 53.6 ± 24.2 to postoperative 20.6 ± 6.3, with statistical difference ( P ＜0.01 ). The Cobb angle was also improved from preoperative ( 32. 1 ± 4.5 ) ° to postoperative ( 7.3 ±2.9 ) °, with statistical difference ( P ＜ 0. 01 ). Conclusion Minimally invasive transarticular osteotomy under QuadrantTM working tube system is a safe and effective alternative for dealing with post-traumatic thoracolumbar kyphosis.

Objective To study the effect of Jiedu-xiaozheng decoction on theUltrastructure changes and quantitative analysis of SGC-7901 in vitro and its mechanisms. Methods The compound prescription Jiedu-xiaozheng decoction was used to prepare serum containing drug. Serologic pharmacology methods was applied. The decoction was used to co-culture the gastric cells for24 h and 72 h, and the ultrastructure of tumor cells was observed by the transmission electron microscope. Then the parameters of the nucleus and mitochrondria were determined in SGC-7901 cells, including volume density(Vv) ,form factor PE( PE), average volume(V) ,length(L) average surrace area(S),contrasting to cytoplasma. The SIS powervision was applied to analyze their difference. Results Jiedu-xiaozheng decotion can result in reduced microvilli, deflated volume, decreased mitochondrion volume and reduced ridge. The volume density(Vv) ,form factor PE(PE) ,average volume(v) ,length (L) average surrace area(S) reduced in the 24 h group clearly in Jiedu-xiaozheng decoction group compared to control group. Conclusion Jiedu-xiaozheng decoction can significantly induce SGC-7901 cells apoptosis, exhibiting certain early ultrastructure changes such as marginated heterochromatin and mitochondrion pyknosis. The quantity analysis by electronic imaging system may objectively reveal the ultrastructural changes of cell nucleus and mitochondria.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the diagnostic value of MRI in radial head fracture with forearm interosseous membrane injuries.

METHODSFrom December 2011 to December 2012,26 patients with fractures of capitulum radial in our hospital were collected. There were 15 males and 11 females, ranging in age from 21 to 53 years old,with an average of 37.6 years old. All the patients visited hospital within 72 hours after injuries. X-ray radiography of full ulnar radial length in injured side, CT in injured side (three-dimensional reconstruction if necessary) and MRI (including the elbow and wrist joints) were performed within a week after the injury. The MRI manifestations of the forearm interosseous membrane (with or without damage, the injured location and the injury degree ) and the fractures degree of radial head were observed and compared for the relativity.

RESULTSRadial head fracture from Mason type I to III was associated with the forearm interosseous membrane injury. Radial head fracture degree was positive correlated with forearm interosseous membrane injury degree (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONRadial head fracture with suspicious forearm interosseous membrane injury is necessary to take MRI for checking for any interosseous membrane injury and injury degree, then choose the right treatment for radial capitulum fracture, only in this way can be helpful for the functional recovery of elbow and forearm.

Adult ; Female ; Forearm ; pathology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Membranes ; injuries ; Middle Aged ; Radius Fractures ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Young Adult