OBJECTIVETo explore rest, cold compress and elevate (RICE) with rest, compress and elevate (RCE) without cold for the treatment of acute ankle sprain, in order to clear mid-term clinical effects.

METHODSEighty-nine patients with acute ankle sprains were collected from January 2013 to March 2014,including 30 males and 59 females aged from 18 to 60 years old with an average of 36 years old; the time from injury to hospital ranged from 3 to 24 h with an average of 9 h. All patients were divided into two groups according to visiting sequence. There were 45 patients in RICE group, and 45 patients in RCE groups. The main therapeutic effect index was evaluated by Karlsson scoring, and secondary therapeutic effect index was pain and satisfactory VAS scores. Safety index evaluated by adverse event.

RESULTSOn the 2nd weeks after injury, Karlsson score in RICE group was 44.66 ± 11.58, and 46.67 ± 8.52 in RCE group, while there was no statistical significance between two groups in Karlsson scores (P > 0.05). Karlsson score of two groups after treatment were higher than before treatment. There was no significantly meaning in pain and satisfactory VAS scores between two groups (P > 0.05). No adverse reaction were occurred between two groups.

CONCLUSIONCold compress did not receive much more final gains, and no evidence showed cold compress could affect recovery of joint function.

Acute Disease ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Ankle Injuries ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Case-Control Studies ; Cold Temperature ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sprains and Strains ; physiopathology ; therapy

Objective To investigate the current prevailing status of endemic fluorosis in the Yellow River basin of Shandong Province and to provide the scientific evidence for making strategies in prevention and control.Methods Nine counties were chosen to carry out the epidemiological investigation.The content of fluoride in drinking water was determined by F-ion selective electrode and dental fluorosis of children aged 8～12 years old was diagnosed by Deans method.Results Water fluoride content was determined in 1761 fluorosis villages,among which 606 villages had water fluoride content≤1.00 mg/L,accounting for 34.41%(606/1761);1155 villages had water fluoride content＞1.00 mg/L,which accounted for 65.59%(1155/1761).The highest water fluoride content was 11.33 mg/L.Water fluoride content of 618 water-improving and defluoridation projects had been determined,among which 449 projects had water fluoride content≤1.00 mg/L and accounted for 72.65%(449/618),169 projects had water fluoride content＞1.00 mg/L and accounted for 27.35%(169/618),the highest water fluoride content was 5.85 mg/L.The total rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8～12 years old was 45.03%(25 579/56 804) and the index of dental fluorosis was 0.80. Conclusions In the Yellow River basin in Shandong Province,up to 50.00%in the villages the water fluoride content exceeds the county standard(≤1.00 mg/L).The prevalence of endemic fluorosis in the basin hasn't been effectively controlled.So the counterrneasures for endemic fluorosis should be carried out as soon as possible.

Objective To summarize common nursing problems of postoperative delirium in elderly patients with hip fracture,to formulate perioperative management scheme,and to implement proactive nursing intervention.Methods Multidisciplinary cooperative team was established,2014 clinical practice guidelines for preventing postoperative delirium in elderly patients from American Geriatrics Society was referenced.Through oxygen therapy and respiratory function training preoperatively,perfusion balance and temperature control and restricted blood transfusion intraoperatively,multimodal analgesia and comprehensive management of sleep postoperatively,professional,systematic perioperative delirium coping strategies were implemented to reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium in elderly patients with hip fracture.Results The incidence of postoperative delirium was 16.36％(9/55) and 30.91％ (17/55) for the experimental group and the control group,the duration of delirium was (3.37±1.21) d and (4.53± 1.87) d,the incidence of postoperative hypoxemia was 9.09％(5/55) and 14.55％(8/55),and the daily total sleep time was(5.18±0.53)h and(3.56±0.69)h.Conclusion Perioperative delirium management scheme involved various nursing coping strategies and quality continuous improvement projects,shortened the first time of ambulation and average days of hospitalization,and reduced the incidence of postoperative delirium.

OBJECTIVETo observe the distribution features of tender points in knee of patients with knee osteoarthritis in order to provide evidences for the treatment and diagnosis.

METHODSFrom November 2011 to December 2012,86 patients with knee osteoarthritis were recruited, including 21 males and 65 females, ranging in age from 45 to 85 years old, with an average of (59.98 +/- 8.23) years old. The course of disease ranged from 3 months to 15 years. The tender points and its distributions were determined by finger press carefully on their knees. Data of studying was analyzed by frequency statistics and Hierachical cluster analysis.

RESULTSThe distribution of tender points in the knee osteoarthritis was mainly in the interior region and anterior area such as in apex of patella, adductor tubercle and et al. According to the results of hierachical cluster analysis, the tender points could be divided into two categories the first cluster was in the interior region of knee, the second cluster was in the lateral region.

CONCLUSIONThe findings demonstrated that cluster analysis statistical method can be used for classification of the distribution of tender points. The distribution features of tender points in knee osteoarthritis are related to the anatomic site in knee.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cluster Analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Osteoarthritis, Knee ; complications ; Pain ; complications

Vip3A, a novel insecticidal protein, is secreted by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) during vegetative growth. Vip3A protein possesses insecticidal activity against a wild spectrum of lepidopteran insect larvae. Since the first cloning of vip3A gene from Bt, many other vip3A genes have been isolated. To investigate vip3A genes contribution to Bt and reflect the revolution relationships, the strains containing vip3A genes were screened and gene similarity was analyzed. 114 wild-type Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains isolated from different regions and 41 standard Bt strains from the Institute of Pasteur were screened for the vip3A genes using PCR amplification. 39 strains including B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) HD-1 were found to contain the vip3A genes. Because acrystallerous strain Cry- B derived from Btk HD-1 was proved not to contain vip3A gene, it suppose that the vip3A gene may be located at the plasmids. Vip3A proteins expressed in these strains were detected with polyclonal antibody by Western blot and 4 strains among them were shown not to express the Vip3A proteins. The vip3A genes amplified from wild-type Bacillus thuringiensis strains S101 and 611 with different levels of activity against lepidopteran insect larvae were cloned into pGEM-T Easy vector. Alignment of these 2 putative Vip3A proteins with 6 others (Vip3A (a), Vip3A(b), Vip3A-S, Vip3A-S184, Vip83 and Vip3V) in the GenBank data base and 2 reported Vip3A proteins (Vip14 and Vip15) showed that vip3A genes are highly conservative. The plasmids pOTP-S101 and pOTP-611 were constructed by in- serting 2 vip3A genes (vip3A-S101 and vip3A-611) into the expression vector pQE30 respectively and were transformed into E. coli M15. E. coli M15 cells harboring the pOTP plasmids were induced with 1 mmol/L IPTG to express 89 kDa protein. Experiments showed that the level of soluble proteins of Vip3A-S101 in E. coli M15[pOTP-S101] and Vip3A-611 in E. coli M15 [pOTP-611] were about 48% and 35% respectively. Bioassay showed that each of these Vip3A proteins had similar toxicity against neonate Spodoptera litura larvae, indicating that some amino acids change had little effect on the insecticidal activity of proteins. Although vip3A genes are conservative, the unknown insecticidal spectrum is still to be brought out. Vip3A genes can be used for the construction of the Bt engineered strains and transgenic plants. In addition, vip3A genes are excellent candidates for delay of the pest resistance due to the difference of the action model from that of Bt delta-endotoxins.
Animals ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; toxicity ; Blotting, Western ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Insecticides ; metabolism ; toxicity ; Larva ; drug effects ; Models, Biological ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Spodoptera ; drug effects ; Toxicity Tests

OBJECTIVETo introduce Meta-analysis in evaluating diagnostic tests.

METHODAdjusted SROC method was used in assessing 7 diagnostic tests on fatty liver.

RESULTSThe pooled sensitivity and specificity of type B ultrasonography were 0.89 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.87-0.92] and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.92-0.96) respectively while the Q value was 0.90 by adjusted SROC method. The results indicated that the diagnostic value of type B ultrasonography were high, thus could be regarded as an effective method for fatty liver diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONMeta-analysis on evaluating diagnostic tests could be used to assess the diagnostic test to increase the power of conclusion, and to improves its reliability.

Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; standards ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Fatty Liver ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Liver ; diagnostic imaging ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Ultrasonography

OBJECTIVETo uncover the transmission patterns of the HIV epidemic in Dehong prefecture.

METHODSThe reviewed case reports, data of sentinel surveillance, testing and special survey were analyzed by SAS 8.0 program. The transmission patterns were modeled by utilizing data including sizes of the whole population and the high risk groups, high risk behavior data from 1989 to 2007, and the population index such as sex ratio and fertility rate.

RESULTSIn 2005, case reports showed the proportion of people infected with HIV through sexual contact was 39.1%, and 46.9% in 2006. Among 1636 cases reported between January 1 to September 20, 2007, the proportion of people infected with HIV through sexual contact was 52%. From 1989 to 2007, the proportion of HIV infection among drug users was declining, while HIV infection through sexual contact was rising after standardizing the population tested/surveyed. The Asian Epidemic Model has shown that the proportions of incident HIV infections through sexual transmissions were 50.6%, 52.3% and 52.7% respectively from 2005 to 2007. Correspondingly, the proportions of incident cases by injecting drug user were 48.9%, 47.2% and 46.7% respectively during this period. Moreover, the Workbook method has shown that, among adults living with HIV in 2007, 50.3% were infected through injecting drugs and 48.4% through unsafe sexual activity.

CONCLUSIONThe rapid rise in HIV infections through injecting drug in Dehong prefecture has been initially curbed. HIV epidemic has already witnessed a change from predominantly through drug injecting-related activity to an almost equally fuelled epidemic by sexual and drug-related transmission.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; epidemiology ; transmission ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Models, Statistical ; Risk Factors ; Social Problems

Objective To investigate the status of endemic fluorosis in Boxing County in Shandong Province at present,and to provide the scientific evidence for making strategies in prevention and control.Methods Children aged 8-12 years old and adults above 30 years old were selected from 8 endemic fluorosis villages in 2 fluorosis of children aged 8-12 years old were diagnosed by Dean method and skeletal fluomsis diagnosed by clinic and X-Rays.Results Eight villages in 2 towns were chosen underwent epidemiological investigation.Eight villages had water fluoride content＞4.50 mg/L.the highest water fluoride content was 5.78 mg/L.The total rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8-12 years old WaS 90.70%(195/215),the index of dental fluorosis was 2.15 and the rate of dental damage was 24.65%(53/215).The rate of skeletal fluorosis detected by clinic and X-rays in adults older than 30 years old were 30.71%(78/254)and 16.54%(42/254),respectively.The averaged fuoride level in urine wa8 over 1.50 mg/L in 98.95%(189/191)of children aged 8-12 years old and in 97.92%(235/240)adults older than 30 years old,with the highest respectively being 14.50 mg/L and 17.99 mg/L.Conclusions In Boxing County in Shandong Province,endemic fluorosis is not effectively controlled.So endemic fluorosis control mfist be strengthened.

Objective Toanalyzethepersonnelallocationandbasicqualitystructureofmiddle-levelcadresinCDCsof ZhejiangProvince.Methods DatawerecollectedfromthenationalbasicinformationsystemofCDCs.Anddescriptive statistics,chi-square test and Kruskal -Wallis H test were used to analyze the differences of middle -level cadres'personnelallocationandbasicqualityamongthreelevelsofCDCs.Results Theallocationratioofmiddle-levelcadresin management departments was 25.58%,27.32% and 23.58% for provincial level,city level and county level of CDCs respectively,which was 74.42%,72.68% and 76.42% in management departments respectively.There were significant differences in ages,working years,education levels,majors and titles across different levels of CDCs (P<0.05 ).And there were significant differences in education levels across counties with different economic levels (P<0.05 ). Conclusion Thepersonnelallocationofmiddle-levelcadreswithexcellentbasicqualityindifferentlevelsofCDCsin Zhejiang Province was reasonable.

Objective To analyze the present post setting situation of CDCs in Zhejiang Province, and to provide evidence for further improvement and standardization of post setting. Methods The data of post setting were collected by questionnaires from all levels of CDCs in Zhejiang Province. The compliance and rationality of post setting structure were evaluated by national and provincial normative policy documents. Results Ninety seven CDCs had implemented the post setting. Professional technical posts had the highest proportion (above 80%) among three kinds of posts. As the approved proportions of posts classification and professional titles were approved by the local government, there were differences between different levels of CDCs. The approved proportion of ground skilled posts and management posts between municipal and county CDCs had a relatively higher degree of dispersion, and the CVs of ground skilled posts and management posts of municipal CDCs were 72.3% and 65.6%, and the CVs of county CDCs were 101.6% and 82.1%. In terms of the approved professional titles structural proportion, the degree of dispersion appeared to be higher in senior titles and primary titles approved proportion of municipal CDCs (CV=29.1%, 28.5%), while the degree of dispersion was higher in senior titles and vice-senior titles of county CDCs (CV=58.9%, 21.8%) . Meanwhile, the approved proportions of senior titles in municipal and county CDCs were lower with the averages of 32.2% and 17.0%. The posts of infectious disease prevention and control and laboratory detection were accounting for the majority posts in municipal and county CDCs with average percentages of 47.8% and 45.1% . Conclusion The present situation of post structural proportion meets the relevant requirements generally. However, there are some phenomena of non-standard approved proportion of ground skilled posts and management posts and low senior titles approved proportion. Meanwhile, the percentage of infectious disease prevention and control and laboratory detection posts appears to be lower in county CDCs.