BACKGROUND: Malnutrition and overnutrition are the two problems during growth and development of high-school students.OBJECTIVE: To understand the situation and relevant factors of malnutrition and overnutrition of high-school students.DESIGN: Transverse investigation was designed.SETTING: Health Supervision Institute of Chongqing Health Bureau; Department of Nutrition & Food Hygiene, Chongqing University of Medical Sciences; the Eighth Middle School of ChongqingPARTICIPANTS: Totally 896 students in 15 classes were collected from one full-time middle school in Shapingba district in Chongqing by cluster sampling method from March to May 2004. The students were excluded if they suffered from hereditary metabolic disease and secondary pathological malnutrition or obesity due to trauma or other diseases. All of participants were in the known in the investigation. Of those, 826 students filled up the questionnaire in detail (the effective rate was 92.19%), in which, 414 students were male and 412 students female, aged varied from 13 to 18 years.METHODS: The students chose were in the investigation with questionnaire and the contents of it included basic physical situation, state of sickness, situation of parents, dietary behavior, nutritional knowledge, dietary habits, etc. The students filled up the questionnaire by them own and handed over on the spot. The evaluation of student nutrition state adopted the heights and body masses in recent physical examination scale, in reference to the criteria in "height and body mass of Chinese students aged from 7 to 22 years". The standard body mass was 80% of body masses of people with same height, based on which, the standard body mass was 100%, that less than the standard by 90% was taken as malnutrition and more than it by 120% was taken as obesity. Non-conditional logistic stepwise regression was used to analyze the data so as to probe into the factors of malnutrition and obesity in middle-school students.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: [1] Morbidity of malnutrition and obesity in middle-school students. [2] Factors of malnutrition and obesity in middle-school students.RESULTS: Totally 826 students entered result analysis. [1] Morbidity of malnutrition and obesity: it was 9.44% and 24.21% respectively, in which,the morbidity of malnutrition.for female was higher than male [4.84%,14.08% (x2=15.1036, P ＜ 0.05)] and the morbidity of obesity in male was higher than female [30.09%, 18.2% (x2=10.5737, P ＜ 0.05)]. [2] Factors of malnutrition and obesity: significant correlation was present between malnutrition and 5 factors, named sex, indulgence in or being choosy food,sleeping time, breakfast and animal internal organs (P ＜ 0.05-0.01). Significant correlation was present between obesity and 5 factors, named sex,body mass index of father, eating velocity, midnight snack and indulgence in or being choosy food (P ＜ 0.05-0.01).CONCLUSION: It is discovered in the investigation that the morbidity of malnutrition and obesity in middle-school students are very high and that is all closely related to sex and indulgence in or being choosy food. In order to correct malnutrition and obesity in middle-school students, it is necessary to provide correct nutritional knowledge and help them arranging diet rationally and establishing healthy life pattern.

Objective To investigate neuroprotective mechanisms of vinpocetine by observing the effects of vinpocetine injection on the expressions of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ(PPARγ),nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65,cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the ischemic cortex,and infarct volume after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats.Methods A focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model was induced by suture method.The rats were randomly divided into a normal control,a cerebral ischemiareperfusion and a vinpocetine groups.They were also divided into either a day 7 subgroup or a day 14 subgroup (n =6 in each subgroup) according to the reperfusion time.Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of PPARγand NF-κB P65 in the ischemic cortex.Triphenyl tetrazolium staining was used to detect the volume of cerebral infarction.Results Western blot showed that at day 7 and 14 after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion,expression levels of PPARκ (all P＜0.001) and NF-κB p65 (all P＜0.001) in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion group were significantly higher than those in the sham operation group,the expression levels of PPARκ (all P ＜0.05) in the vinpocetine group were significantly higher than those in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion group,but the expression levels of NF-κB p65 (all P ＜0.05) were significantly lower than those in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion group.Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that COX-2 mRNA expression levels were upregulated significantly at day 7 and 14 after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion compared with the sham operation group (all P ＜ 0.001),the expression levels of COX-2 mRNA in the vinpocetine group were significantly downregulated compared with the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion group (all P＜ 0.05).The infarct volumes at day 7 (134.308± 9.954 mm3vs.185.543 ± 9.100 mm3;q=10.659,P＜0.001) and at day 14 (137.865 ± 9.094 mm3vs.183.210±4.368 mm3;q=11.166,P＜0.001) in the vinpocetine group were significantly less than those in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion group.Conclusions Vimpocetine significantly reduces infarct vohme after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion,its mechanism may be associated with upreguhtion of PPARγexpression and downreguhtion of the expressions of NF-κB p65 and COX-2.

AIM To investigate weather and how aminophylline induces human trachea smooth muscle cells (TSMCs) to apoptosis. METHODS Human TSMCs were isolated and cultured in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Passage 4～6 cell were used in experiment. The cells were cultured with aminophylline or 8 Br cAMP for 24 or 48 h. Light micros copy and electron microscopy were used to observe morphological change. DNA fragmentation was analyzed by agarose gels electrophoresis. SP Immunohistological staing method was performed to detect the changes of expressions of p53,bcl 2 and bax gene. The apoptosis cell percentage were detected by situ end labeling technique(TUNEL) of fragmental DNA. RESULTS ①Aminophylline or 8 Br cAMP decreased the number of viable cells in time and concentration dependent manner; ② Electron microscopic examination showed nuclear contraction, chromatin condensation and apoptotic bodies formation in aminophylline group or 8 Br cAMP group; ③ Agarose gel electrophoresis of fragmented DNA showed a ladder like pattern; ④ The expression of p53 or bax gene in apoptosis group was significantly higher than in control group, but the expression of bcl 2 gene was lower than in control group; ⑤ The positive rate of TUNEL in aminophylline or 8 Br cAMP group was significantly higher than in control group ( P

AIM:To clarify if interferon-?(IFN-?), tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?)and interleukin-1?(IL-1?)can induce apoptosis of human airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) in vitro. METHODS: Human ASMCs were isolated and cultured in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Passage 4-6 cell was used in the experiment. IFN-?,TNF-? and IL-1?, were used separately or together in the treatment of human ASMCs. The effects of IFN-?,TNF-? and IL-1? on the growth of the cells was detected by MTT method at the hour 0,24,48 and 72. Light microscopy and electron microscopy were used to examine the morphological change. DNA fragmentation was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. SP immunohistological staing method was performed to detect the change of expressions of p53 , bcl-2 and bax gene. The apoptosis cell percentage were detected by in situ end labeling technique (TUNEL)of fragmental DNA. RESULTS: (1)IFN-? or IFN-? together with TNF-? and IL-1? decreased the number of viable cells in a time dependent manner. (2) Light and electron microscopic examination showed cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, nuclear contraction, chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation in human ASMCs. (3) Agarose gel electrophoresis showed a characteristic"ladder"of DNA bands representing integer multiples of the internucleosomal fragments (about 180-200 bp) in cytokine cotreated human ASMCs. (4)The expression of p53 and bax gene in cytokine cotreated group was significantly higher than in control group, but the expression of bcl-2 gene was lower than in control group. (5)Stimultaneous treatment with IFN-?(4?10 5 U/L),TNF-?(4?10 5 U/L)and /or IL-1? (10?10 4 U/L) induced apoptosis of human ASMCs. Apoptotic index of human ASMCs in cytokine co-treated group was significantly higher than in control group ( P

Objective To discuss the diagnosis and management and prevention of spontaneous renal allograft rupture. Methods A retrospective analysis of 12 spontaneous renal allograft rupture was conducted. Clinical presentations were similar in all patients: sudden pain and swelling over the graft and declining blood pressure accompanied by anufia. Color-ultrasound combined with clinical manifestation had higher sensitive in detecting a case. Eleven cases were performed emergency operation, 3 of them lost their kidneys, 8 of them were performed transplant-preserving operation,2 cases lost their allograft because of rerupture of the kidney. Conservative therapy was carried on 1 case. Results Five cases of transplant nephrectomy were given hemodialysis to maintain, 6 eases who had accepted surgery to retain kidney transplantation and 1 case of using conservative treatment were cured and discharged. Conclusions Acute rejection and acute tubular necrosis are the main causes of spontaneous renal allograft rupture. Color-ultrasound combined with clinical manifestation have higher sensitive in detecting a case. As soon as possibly adopting internal medicine, surgery for a joint deal with the breakdown of renal aUograft rupture is important.Prevention should begin with the removal of the kidney, operation of the renal graft, rational use of immunodepressants, and early management of transplant rejection.

Objective To stuay CT findings of adrenal gland trauma(AGT).Methods The CT images of adrenal gland trauma which were found in 1712 patients who had emergency abdominal CT examinations for assessment of blunt force trauma were analyzed restrospectively.Results Among 1712 cases.we identified 29 patients(1.7%)with adrenal gland traumatic lesions.A total of 32 lesions were found.Twenty-six lesions were unilateral(23 right-sided,3 left-sided),and 3 cases were bilateral(6 lesions).Main CT findings were as followed:(1)Adrenal hematomas appeared as discrete round or oval masses expanding the adrenal gland in 22 patients with 25 lesions.The lesions were hyperdense or of homogeneous density in plain scan and did not enhance in three-phase contrast-enhanced dynamic scan.The splayed adrenal limbs around hematoma were enhanced significantly as eurvilinear structures.(2)Mild to moderate uniform swelling of gland was shown in 4 cases.(3)Diffuse irregular hemorrhage obliterating the gland was shown in 3 cases.Contrast extravasation was shown in 1 case,which was active bleeding from the broken adrenal gland proven by operation.Associated CT findings included strand-like hemorrhage of the periadrenal fat and posterior pararenal hemorrhage mimicking thickened diaphragmatic crus.The concurrent injuries of ipsilateral thorax or/and abdomen were found in 25 patients.Conclusion The AGT has typical CT findings.Familiarity with characteristic CT findings of adrenal trauma is essential for the radiologist to avoid misdiagnosis.

In order to solve the adhesion and the softening problems of traditional Chinese medicine extract during spray drying, a new method of adding dehumidified air into spray drying process was proposed, and the storage stability conditions of extract powder could be predicted. Kouyanqing extract was taken as model drug to investigate on the wet air (RH = 70%) and dry air conditions of spray drying. Under the dry air condition, the influence of the spray drying result with different air compression ratio and the spray-dried powder properties (extract powder recovery rate, adhesion percentage, water content, angle of repose, compression ratio, particle size and distribution) with 100, 110, 120, 130, 140 °C inlet temperature were studied. The hygroscopic investigation and Tg value with different moisture content of ideal powder were determined. The water activity-equilibrium moisture content (aw-EMC) and the equilibrium moisture content-Tg (EMC-Tg) relationships were fitted by GAB equation and Gordon-Taylor model respectively, and the state diagram of kouyanqing powder was obtained to guide the rational storage conditions. The study found that in the condition of dry air, the extract powder water content decreased with the increase of air compression ratio and the spray drying effect with air compression ratio of 100% was the best performance; in the condition of wet air, the extract powder with high water content and low yield, and the value were 4.26% and 16.73 °C, while, in the dry air condition the values were 2.43% and 24.86 °C with the same other instru- ment parameters. From the analysis of kouyanqing powder state diagram, in order to keep the stability, the critical water content of 3.42% and the critical water content of 0.188. As the water decreased Tg value of extract powder is the major problem of causing adhesion and softening during spray drying, it is meaningful to aid dehumidified air during the process.
Drug Stability ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Humidity ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; Powders ; Temperature

ObjectiveTo assess the relationship between the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the severity of coronary artery stenosis in elder people. MethodsSix hundred and fifty-seven patients who underwent selective coronary artery angiography were divided into 3 groups according to age: group Ⅰ (202 patients aged <60 years), group Ⅱ (181 patients aged from 60 to 69 years) and group Ⅲ (274 patients aged ≥70 years). According to the simplified MDRD equation,impaired renal function and severe renal dysfunction, respectively. Clinical features and the severity of coronary artery stenosis were compared among the 3 groups. ResultsThe level of average eGFR tended to he decreased with the narrowed coronary arteries. The difference of average eGFR between patients with muhivessel versus two-vessel coronary artery disease was of statistical significance in Group Ⅲ(P = 0. 035). After controlling for the effects of smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia,aging, and diabetes, the Gensini score which reflected the severity of coronary artery stenosis was negatively correlated with the level of eGFR (r =-0. 110, P = 0. 005). ConclusionsIt suggests that the eGFR decrease is associated with the severity of coronary artery stenosis, and there is a linear correlation between eGFR and Gensini score in elder people, eGFR can be used to evaluate the severity of coronary artery disease and prognosis.

Objective To study the surgical diagnosis and treatment of renal tuberculosis(TB). Methods The clinical data of 42 cases with renal TB were analyzed retrospectively and the experiences of clinical diagnostic and treatment were summarized. Results Cystic irritation symptoms(78.6% ,33/42)and gross hematuria(64. 3%,27/42)were the most common symptoms in these patients. Abnormal urine were found in 83.3 % cases. Acid-fast stains on urinary sediment were positive in 28.6%(12/42)of cases. The diagnostic accuracy of B-ultrasonicgraphy,IVU,retrograde pyelography and CT examination in these patients were 19.0%(8/42),33.3% (14/42),26.2%(11/42)and 71.4%(30/42)respectively. Among all cases enrolled in the study,6 patients received antiphthisic medicine treatment,3 of them were cured and the other 3 accepted nephrectomy and partial ureterectomy after 6-12 months because of severe renal function impairment 36 cases received surgical treatment. In the 39 cases treated with operation,all of them were proved to carry renal tuberculosis by the postoperative pathological examinations. Conclusions The medical history,urine analysis,image examination should be considered synthetically in the clinical diagnosis of renal tuberculosis. The patients should be followed up closely during antiphthisic treatment period. Seriously damaged or nonfunctioning kidney should be removed promptly.

Objective To explore the relationship between the endemic arsenism and the liver,renal damage.Methods Some permanent residents were selected as investigated subjects who lived at 3 villages in Datong in Shanxi Province,an arseniasis-endemic areas,These objects were divided into arsenic poisoning and control group on the basis of Diagnosis Standard for Endemic Arsenism(WS/T 211-2001).Then blood and urine samples were collected in the surveyed people.Serum glutamate pyruvic transaminase(ALT)were detected by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as the indicator of the impaired hepatic function.The microdosis albumen (mAlb)and acetylglucosaminidase(NAG)in urine were detected by end-point method and alkaline picric acid as the renal damage indicators.Results A total of 661 people investigated,of which 144 cases were arsenic poisoning patients.The rates of abnormal liver function were significant hisher in arsenic poisoning group[10.42% (15/144)]than that in control[5.22%(27/517)],and both wag significant[X2=5.107,P＜0.05;OR=2.11,95%CI (1.09-4.08)].The geometric mean of mAlb/Ucr was 2.16 mg/g Cr in control,and 2.31 mg/g Cr in arsenic poisoning group,and both was not significant(t=-1.71,P＞0.05).The geometric mean of NAG waft higher in arsenic poisoning group(2.43 U/g Cr)than that in the control(2.22 U/g Cr),and both was significant(t=-3.55, P＜0.05).Conclusions The damage of the liver and renal function were related with endemic arsenism,and NAG is the early indicators suggesting impaired renal function due to endemic arsenism.