Adult ; Blast Injuries ; therapy ; Explosions ; Humans ; Male ; Multiple Trauma ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo investigate the awareness and use of banned pesticides among vegetable greenhouse farmers in a town of Ledu County, Qinghai Province, China and to provide a basis for the management and control of banned pesticides.

METHODSLocal residents who lived in a town of Ledu County for more than 5 years were selected as subjects in August 2012. A questionnaire survey was conducted in 267 vegetable greenhouse farmers who were selected from five villages of the town by cluster random sampling.

RESULTSOf the 267 subjects, 249 (93.26%) completed and returned the questionnaires. Eighty-seven (34.9%) of the 249 subjects were aware of banned pesticides, and the banned pesticide awareness rate varied significantly among the subjects with different education levels (χ(2) = 11.061, P = 0.011). Only education level entered the regression equation in non-conditional logistic regression analysis. Only five (2.0%) of the 249 subjects knew the banned pesticides as well as the details. All the 249 subjects used banned pesticides to varying degrees in the past 5 years. Only 9.0% (17/189) of the vegetable greenhouse farmers knew the time pesticides were initially banned in China.

CONCLUSIONThe banned pesticide awareness rate is relatively low in the town of Ledu County, and this rate is influenced by education level. It is needed to spread the knowledge and hazards of banned pesticides.

Agriculture ; China ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Male ; Occupational Exposure ; prevention & control ; Pesticides ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUNDVascular control and tissue dissection are crucial steps in successful laparoscopic surgery. Recently, a new commercially available vessel sealing technology, the LigaSure vessel sealing system (Valleylab, Boulder, USA), has been introduced. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the benefits of the LigaSure in laparoscopic nephrectomy.

METHODSFrom January 2005 to March 2010, 170 laparoscopic nephrectomies were performed with the LigaSure vessel sealing system, including simple and radical nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy. In a retrospective study, the laparoscopic operating time, estimated intraoperative blood loss, duration of postoperative drainage, total amount of postoperative drainage, as well as postoperative hospital stay, were recorded and studied.

RESULTSAll 170 laparoscopic nephrectomies using LigaSure were accomplished successfully without conversion to open surgery. There was no severe vascular complication or other serious complications. The mean laparoscopic operating time was 124.2 minutes (range, 14 - 230 minutes); mean blood loss was 148.6 ml (range, 20 - 540 ml); mean time for postoperative drainage was 3.1 days (range, 1 - 7 days); mean amount of postoperative drainage was 206.5 ml (range, 27 - 435 ml) and mean postoperative hospital stay was 6.9 days (range, 3 - 18 days).

CONCLUSIONSLaparoscopic nephrectomy using LigaSure appears technically feasible and easy, and produces satisfactory results. The LigaSure provides a safe and fast way to seal vessels and tissue bundles during nephrectomy.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nephrectomy ; methods ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the efficacy and safety of management of renal stone in non-dilated collecting system by percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) under ultrasound guidance.

METHODFrom September 2003 to April 2005, 132 cases of renal stone in non-dilated collecting system were performed by percutaneous nephrolithotripsy. A stent was first inserted into the pelvis through cystoscope, and saline was instilled to dilate collecting system. Antegrade percutaneous access was obtained by B-type ultrasound guidance. A combination pneumatic and ultrasonic lithotrite were used to disintegrate and remove stone under direct vision. Clinical data including operation time, complications and stone free rate were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTSThe percutaneous renal access was successfully established under B-type ultrasound guidance in all patients, immediate phase I lithotripsy was performed in 129 cases and delayed phase II lithotripsy in 3 cases. Operation time ranged from 70 to 130 minutes, average time was (89 +/- 11) minutes, 3 cases were supported by blood transfusion, severe complications did not occur during nephrolithotripsy. Stones were cleared in 114 out of 132 cases (86.4%) during immediate phase I lithotripsy, residual stone fragment was found in 18 cases who received second PCNL or adjuvant extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.

CONCLUSIONThe management of renal stone in non-dilated collecting system using PCNL appears to be efficacious and safe under B-type ultrasound guidance.

Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi ; therapy ; Kidney Calices ; diagnostic imaging ; Lithotripsy ; methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nephrostomy, Percutaneous ; methods ; Punctures ; methods ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Ultrasonography

OBJECTIVETo determine the epidemiological characteristics of seasonal influenza in Shenzhen from 2005 to 2007 and the molecular variation of HA1 domain of influenza H3N2 viruses.

METHODSThe consultation rate for influenza-like illness (ILI) were calculated weekly for indicating the influenza activities (the Shenzhen Influenza Surveillance System mainly consisted of 16 institutions with 9 hospitals, 6 districts and one municipal centers of disease control and prevention). Pharyngeal swabs from the cases of ILI, which were collected during 2005 to 2007 from the city-wide and quality-controlled surveillance network, were used to propagate the viruses. The HA1 region of the influenza A/H3N2 viruses were detected by RT-PCR and sequenced subsequently. The analyses of pairwise amino acid variations, genetic clustering and phylogenetics was performed.

RESULTSThe activity levels of influenza showed certain changes during each year from 2005 to 2007, and there were summer peaks from May to July in 2006 and 2007. The positive rates of influenza virus were 4.78% (114/2385), 5.77% (212/3674) and 12.12% (343/2831) from 2005 to 2007 respectively. The weekly isolating rates changed accordingly with the trend of the percentages of ILI. The proportions of influenza H3N2 virus were 25.46% (28/114) and 2.83% (6/212) in 2005 and in 2006 respectively, but the proportion increased to 62.68% (215/343), which indicated that H3N2 virus became the predominant strain in 2007. Phylogenetic clustering analysis of influenza H3N2 virus revealed that there were 5 clades. The viruses which were isolated in 2005 contained in the clade I and II, the viruses in 2006 were comprised in clade III, and clade IV and V included the viruses isolated in 2007. Although the stem of cladogram developed with one accord of the time isolated viruses, the viruses which were similar to vaccine strains had circulated in Shenzhen before a given strain was determined as vaccine strain by WHO. It was also noticed that more amino acid changes at antigenic sites, especially at sites A and B in the H3N2 viruses, were found in 2007 than that in 2005 and in 2006. But the sequences at the receptor-binding sites and disulphide bond sites were conserved and no new circulating strain for genetic reassortment had been found in the period.

CONCLUSIONShenzhen might be one of areas where the ongoing genetic drift of influenza H3N2 viruses appeared earlier in China. The changes of influenza H3N2 virus showed the active status in the population. The results suggested that monitoring seasonal influenza viruses by sequence analysis could provide important and timely information on the appearance of strains with epidemiologic significance.

China ; epidemiology ; Genetic Drift ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; virology ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Phylogeny ; Population Surveillance ; Sequence Analysis, RNA

Objective To study the genetic and epidemiological characteristics of HA1 of influenza H1N1 viruses circulating in Shenzhen from 2005 to 2007. Methods The HA1 region was analyzed by RT-PCR and subsequently sequenced to analyze the HA1 genetic evolution. Phylogenetic analysis was confirmed on the homology of nucleitide comparing with the reference viruses of vaccines recommended by WHO and representative virus confirmed by China CDC. Relationship between isolation rates and genetic evolutions was explored. Results The average isolation rate from 2005 to 2007 was 7.16%. Of the isolates, the proportions of influenza H1N1 viruses in 2005, 2006 and 2007 were 56.14%, 66.03%,3.61% ,respectively. Data from HA1 phylogenetic analysis showed that there were at least three clades circulated in Shenzhen. Different viruses isolated during January to April were clustered with A/New Caledonia/20/1999 viruses isolated in the latter months of 2005 clustered with A/Solomon Island/3/2006 and viruses from 2006 to 2007 were in the same clade with A/GDLH/219/2006. Results showed that most viruses had a deletion of lysine at position 130. Compared with A/New Caledonia/20/1999, the virus isolated after May of 2005 occurred T82K, Y94H, R146K, R209K, T267N amino acid substitution, while some virus isolated after May 2006 took place the amino acid substitutions of A190T, H193Y,E195D (located at antigenic site B) and R146K(antigenic site A). The sequences at the receptor-binding sites and glycosylation sites were conserved. Compared with referring viruses, A/SZ/68/2007 had 50 amino acid substitutions in the HA1 region.Of these,eleven and six were located at antigenic sites and receptor-binding sites,respectively.Four amino acid substitution resulted in the deletion of glycosylation site.Conclusion Three different genetic lineages of influenza H1N1 virus were circulated in the population in Shenzhen during 2005-2007.The special virus named A/SZ/68/2007 should be paid further attention on its antigenic and epidemiological characteristics.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the mechanism of rosiglitazone (RSG, the activator of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor lambda) for inhibiting endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced neonatal rat cardiac myocyte hypertrophy and the role of protein kinase C (PKC) and c-fos.

METHODSIn vitro cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes were treated with ET-1, phorbol ester (PMA, the PKC activator), ET-1+RSG, ET-1+chelerythrine (che, the PKC inhibitor), PMA+RSG, or without treatment (control), respectively. The effects of RSG on the protein content, (3)H-leucine incorporation, PKC activity and C-fos protein expression were observed in the cardiac myocytes stimulated with ET-1 or PMA.

RESULTSAfter two days of culture, the intracellular protein content in ET-1 group and PMA group were increased by 15% (339-/+15 microg/ml) and 13% (329-/+14 microg/ml) as compared with the control cells (290-/+13 microg/ml), respectively (P<0.01). Compared with the ET-1 group, cells treated with ET-1+10(-8) mol/L RSG, ET-1+10(-7) mol/L RSG, and ET-1+che showed decreased intracellular protein content by 10% (303-/+14 microg/ml, P<0.05), 12% (292-/+11 microg/ml, P<0.05), and 13% (291-/+12 microg/ml, P<0.01), respectively. The intracellular protein content in PMA+10(-7) mol/LRSG group was decreased by 10% (P<0.05) in comparison with the PMA group. RSG inhibited protein synthesis enhancement and increased (3)H-leucine incorporation induced by ET-1 and PMA, and antagonized the effects of ET-1 and PMA in promoting PKC activity and c-fos protein expression in the myocytes.

CONCLUSIONThe inhibitory effect of RSG on ET-1- or PMA-induced myocyte hypertrophy is associated with PKC-c-fos pathway.

Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Enlargement ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Endothelin-1 ; pharmacology ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; pharmacology ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Protein Kinase C ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos ; biosynthesis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate ; pharmacology ; Thiazolidinediones ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo survey the prevalence of drug resistant HIV in Zhejiang province in 2009-2011.

METHODSWHO truncated sequential sampling technique was adopted annually by using 63, 62 and 57 samples of newly diagnosed as HIV positive and aged 16-25 years in Hangzhou, Ningbo and Wenzhou from 2009 to 2011, respectively. RNA was prepared and HIV pol region was amplified by RT-PCR and nested PCR. Pol genetic mutation associated with drug resistance was analyzed.

RESULTSThe success rates for sequence acquisition of the survey were 82.5% (52/63), 95.2% (59/62) and 94.7% (54/57) from year 2009 to 2011, respectively, and the main subtype was CRF01_AE (68.5% (37/54)-71.2% (37/52)). A total of 4 surveillance drug-resistance mutation (SDRMs), 2 SDRMs and 2 SDRMs were found by analyzing the 47 sequences each year, sampled from year 2009 to 2010, respectively, indicating that the prevalence of drug resistant HIV stains was moderate in 2009, and low for the next two years (2010-2011). A total of 8 individuals with drug resistant HIV stains found in this study were all infected by sexual transmission, especially in homosexual transmission (6 cases), and the main subtype was CRF01_AE (7 cases). SDRMs for protease inhibitor (PI), nucleotide HIV-reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and non-NRTI (NNRTI) (L90M, T215S and Y188L) were all found in one case.

CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of drug resistant HIV stains in major areas with AIDS epidemic in Zhejiang province was low in 2009-2011.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Anti-HIV Agents ; pharmacology ; China ; epidemiology ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; Female ; HIV ; drug effects ; genetics ; HIV Infections ; transmission ; virology ; Humans ; Male ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo compare the incidence of cardio-cerebral vascular events between pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) women and non-PIH(NPIH) women.

METHODSAmbispective cohort study method was used and 4630 pregnant women giving birth during October 1976 to December 2008 in our hospital and participated the healthy examination between July 2006 and October 2007 at Kailuan medical group were included and divided into PIH group (n = 694) and NPIH group (n = 3936) by the history of PIH. Incidence of cardio-cerebral vascular events (myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage) was obtained during follow-up. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models was used to assess the relative risk of cardio-cerebral vascular events.

RESULTS(1) The follow-up time was 2 to 34 (15.32 ± 7.94) years. (2) The childbearing age, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure before delivery were significantly higher while gestational weeks and weight of newborn were significantly less in PIH group than in NPIH group (all P < 0.01). Levels of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, body mass index, triglyceride, total cholesterol and fasting blood glucose during healthy examination between July 2006 and October 2007 were significantly higher in PIH group than in NPIH group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). (3) There were 71 cardio-cerebral vascular events during the follow-up. In PIH group, the incidence rate of cardio-cerebral vascular events, myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction was 20.64%, 11.08% and 8.67%, respectively, while the corresponding incidence rate was 7.82%, 4.02% and 2.67% in NPIH group (all P < 0.01). After adjustment for other traditional cardiovascular risk factors, the risk of total cardio-cerebral vascular events, myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction in PIH group was 2.99 fold (95%CI: 1.80 - 4.95), 3.91 fold (95%CI: 1.71 - 8.91) and 3.96 fold (95%CI: 1.95 - 8.05) higher than in NPIH group.

CONCLUSIONPIH is an independent risk factor for cardio-cerebral vascular events.

Adult ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; epidemiology ; Case-Control Studies ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced ; epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Pregnancy ; Risk Factors

Aged ; Arterio-Arterial Fistula ; pathology ; surgery ; Coronary Vessel Anomalies ; pathology ; surgery ; Coronary Vessels ; pathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Male