The establishment animal model of Graves’ disease contributes to the study of etiology, pathogenesis and therapeutic modalities. After decades of studies and making improvements, the method of building mice model of Graves’disease has achieved a great development. Although there were many reports of animal model building in Graves’disease, as a mature technology A-subunit of thyrotropin receptor( TSHR)-expressing adenovirus was used to establish Graves’disease mice model, which has been accepted widely because of its high efficacy.

The authors reviewed the development process of the concept of assessment augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) from focusing on prerequisite skills to communication needs and participation, introduced the team assessment and current three assessment models, including maximal assessment, criteria-based assessment and predictive assessment. Some factors which must be considered in all models were also given in this paper. The content and procedure of one most popular model were introduced in detail. The problems exsited in the application of AAC and the further development of AAC assessment were discussed.

Objective To establish stable Graves disease (GD) mice models with immunization and electroporation (EP).Methods Fifty mice were divided into 3 groups by random number table method:experimental group (n =30),control group (n =10),blank group (n =10).Recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1/hTSHR268 was constructed and injected to bilateral gastrocnemius in experimental group mice on the 1st,4th,7th and 10th week.The same volume of normal saline was injected in the control group and blank group at the same time.Both experimental group and control group were subjected to EP at the same time and the same location to enhance immunization.Serum T4 was tested with radioimmunoassay.TRAb N-terminal (TRAb N) and TRAb C-terminal (TRAb C) antibodies were tested with ELISA.Whole body 99TcmO4-imaging was performed and then thyroid morphology and pathology were investigated.Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and the least significant difference (LSD) t test.Results GD BALB/c mice models were built successfully (80％,24/30).Serum T4 increased from (16.06±5.16) nmol/L at the basic level to(95.04±68.92) nmol/L on the 12th week(F=18.906,t=-5.598,P＜0.05).Serum TRAb N antibody increased from (0.006±0.002) U/L at the basic level to (0.251±0.110) U/L on the 12th week(F=47.491,t=-10.869,P＜0.05).Serum TRAb C antibody increased from (11.176±2.635)×103 arbitrary unit (AU)/L at the basic level to (46.395±22.001)× 103 AU/L on the 12th week(F=14.642,t =-7.787,P＜0.05).On the 18th week serum T4,TRAb N and TRAb C decreased to (36.64±23.68) nmol/L,(0.094±0.053) U/L and (24.456±6.725)× 103 AU/L respectively,which were still higher than those preimmune levels(t=-4.161,-8.085,-9.008,all P＜0.05).There were no significant change of T4,TRAb N and TRAb C in the control group and blank group.After 4 times of immunization,the 99TcmO4-uptake by thyroids in immunized mice increased.The thyroid glands of immunized mice showed enlargement.Microscope examination showed that there were lymphocytes infiltration,colloid decrease and epithelial cell proliferation in thyroids of immunized mice.Conclusion GD mice models were successfully established by injecting recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1/hTSHR268 and EP.

Objective: Executive dysfunction is a typical characteristic of vascular cognitive impairment(VCI),with subcortical ischemia as its pathological basis.The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of event-related potential of visual-spatial working memory based on ischemic white matter lesions,and offer more electrophysiological evidence for the evaluation of VCI.Methods: We included in this study 24 patients with ischemic white matter lesions(13 mild and 11 severe cases) and 12 elderly healthy controls,and induced event-related potentials(ERP) of visual-spatial working memory from the delayed matching-to-sample task in all the participants.Results: Three waves were identified: N330,P420 and late negative component. On the two-ball-load,the N330 amplitude in the middle frontal,right frontal and occipital lobe was significantly smaller in the mild and severe lesion groups(P

Bicuspid ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; pathology ; Humans ; Mandible ; Root Canal Therapy

Objective To evaluate the indications of different hepatic blood flow occlusion in hepatectomy of cancer patients. Methods One hundred and fifty-six patients admitted between 1991-2001 underwent hepatectomy with hepatic blood flow occlusion in different ways, among them 48 cases underwent hepatic segmentectomy with segmental portal vein occlusion by a balloon catheter, 71 cases underwent hepatectomy with porta hepatis occlusion by Pringle method, 37 cases treated by hemihepatectomy or partial hepatectomy with hemihepatic occlusion. Results Intraoperative blood loss in patients using balloon catheter was smaller and postoperative liver function recovered faster compared with other ways of blood flow occlusion. Conclusion The preliminary result shows that hepatic segmentectomy with segmental portal vein occlusion by a balloon catheter is safe and useful technique for hepatectomy.

Objective To identify clinical features of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma(PTMC) according to patients' age.Methods Seventy-eight patients with PTMC were divided into 2 groups according to age:≥45 years and ＜45 years.The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.Results The average preoperative thyroglobulin (Tg)level in ＜45 years group was apparently higher than that in ≥45 years group[(138.61 ± 91.87 vs 80.20 ± 85.00) μg/L,P＜0.01].The average tumor size in ＜45 years group was apparently larger than that in ≥45 years group [(0.64 ± 0.24 vs 0.45 ± 0.25) cm,P＜0.01].There were more patients with multiple cancer foci in ＜45 years group than in ≥45 years group (73.53％ vs 45.45％,P＜0.05).And there were more patients with cancer in bilateral lobes in ＜45 years group than that in ≥45 years group(44.12％ vs 18.18％,P＜0.05).There were no significant differences in preoperative thyroid stimulating hormone level,preoperative thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb)level,incidence of capsular invasion of cancer,neck lymph nodes involvement,distant metastasis,and backgrounds of benign thyroid diseases between two groups (all P＞0.05).Conclusion The patients with PTMCs had different clinical features according to age.Hence,clinicians should consider an individualized treatment according to age in order to achieve better therapeutic efficacy.

Acute Disease ; Atropine ; therapeutic use ; Cholinergic Antagonists ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Organophosphate Poisoning ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide ; therapeutic use

Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pharynx ; pathology ; Pyriform Sinus ; Thyroglossal Cyst ; surgery

Objective To investigate the effect of adenosine A2A receptor deficiency on the ischemic neuronal injury and its potential mechanism.Methods Transient(2 h)cerebral ischemia was induced by the middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)in mice.Adenosine A2A receptor knockout(A2ARKO)mice and their wild-type littermates(A2ARWT)were divided into 2-hour cerebral ischemia group,cerebral ischemia with 22-hour reperfusion group and cerebral ischemia with 46-hour reperfusion group.Cerebral infarction volume was measured by image analysis of brain sections stained with cresyl violet(CV).Brain water content was evaluated with the dry-wet weighing method.The expression of calbindin D-28k(CB)and aquaporin-4(AQP4)in ischemic brain was determined with immunohistochemical methods.Results The cerebral infarction volumes in 2-hour cerebral ischemia group,cerebral ischemia with 22-hour reperfusion group and cerebral ischemia with 46-hour reperfusion group of A2ARKO mice were lesser than those in the corresponding groups of A2ARWT mice.Compared with A2ARWT mice,A2ARKO mice had more CB,lesser AQP4 expressions and lesser brain water contents.Conclusion Adenosine A2A receptor deficiency exerts the protection against ischemic brain injury both in the acute phase and reperfusion phase,and attenuates brain edema caused by cerebral ischemia,which may be due to the inhibition of intracellular calcium overload and AQP4 expression.