Objective To explore the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic papillary balloon dilation( EPBD ) for the removal of common bile duct stones. Methods Three hundred and twenty consecutive patients with common bile duct stones on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) who met all eligibility criteria were randomly assigned endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) or EPBD.Complications were classified by an expert panel unaware of treatment allocation and outcome. Results After a single ERCP, all stones were removed from 112 patients ( 70% ) assigned EST and 104 ( 65% )assigned EPBD. Mechanical lithotripsy was used to fragment stones in 36 (22. 5% ) EPBD procedures and 32 ( 20. 0% ) EST procedures. Early complications occurred in 5.6% EST patients and 8.1% EPBD patients. No patient died. Gallstone disease recurrence, which is a long-term complication, is 7. 5% ( 12/160) in EST patients and 2.5% (4/160) in EPBD patients, P ＜0. 05. Conclusions The success rate of EPBD was similar to that of EST. We found no evidence of previously suggested higher risk of pancreatitis with EPBD, and suggest that EPBD is preferred in patients who are not suitable for EST, such as those with high risk of bleeding. This procedure is a valuable alternative to EST in patients with bile duct stones.

Intervertebral disc degeneration is considered as a primary cause of clinical low back pain, however the molecular mechanism is not clear yet. Recently, researches on the molecular basis of intervertebral disc degeneration have become a hotspot. The special structure and biomechanics properties of the disc contribute to its propensity toward degeneration. Intervertebral disc degeneration is associated with the changes of the cytological behavior,including the increase in cell death and the degradation of extracellular matrix. However, the mechanism of cell death including cell apoptosis and autophagy in intervertebral disc degeneration remains unclear. Further study on the molecular mechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration is the foundation of improving and treating the intervertebral disc degeneration in the future. Although some progresses are made in the aspect of biological study, the biological environment of intervertebral disc itself is still a challenge for the development of biological treatment. This article is to review the latest advance on the biological characteristics of normal intervertebral disc and the cell death in the process of the intervertebral disc degeneration.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Death ; Extracellular Matrix ; metabolism ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc ; cytology ; metabolism ; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ; metabolism ; physiopathology

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Glomerular Basement Membrane ; pathology ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases ; pathology ; Male ; Nephritis, Hereditary ; diagnosis

The epidemic of rabies has rapidly increased and expanded in Yunnan province in recent years.In order to further analyze and understand the etiological reasons for the rapid expansion of rabies in Yunnan,a strain of rabies virus CYN1009D in Yunnan was isolated,and the complete genomic sequencing was carried out,and the bioimfomative analysis on genes/encoded proteins and phylogeny with reference to sequences in GenBank was performed.The complete genome of CYN1009D was 11923 nt in length and belonged to genotype I.The genes encoding different structural proteins were all conserved in their lengths,in comparison to other strains in China.The amino acid sequence was conserved at different antigen sites of NP,but the variation was detected at the secondary phosphorylation site of position 375; variations were also detected in the phosphorylation sites at positions 63-63 and 162 of PP; the sites playing important roles in virus synthesis,budding and viral morphology in MP were conserved; two glycosylation sites were detected at Asn37 and Asn319in GP,the neutralizing antigen sites in GP were conserved; the initial amino acid of LP (ML) was different from that of most of the strains in China (MM); the variations in G-L region in the intergenic region were significant.The phylogenic tree showed that CYN1009D has a closer genetic relationship to the strains in Southeast Asia,indicating that prevention and control on rabies in borderland areas should be reinforced meanwhile efforts are made to control rabies in China.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have demonstrated that sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) plays a key role in osteoarthritis, but its exact pathogenesis remains incompletely understood yet. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the expression of SREBP-2 in the process of interleukin-1β-induced articular chondrocyte degenerationin vitro. METHODS: Articular chondrocytes obtained from C57BL/6J mice were culturedin vitro. After the second passage, cels were randomly divided into four groups: control group, and three experimental groups treated with 10 μg/L interleukin-1β for 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The cels became hypertrophic after being stimulated by interleukin-1β, and the staining of colagen X was positive at 72 hours. MTT assay demonstrated that the cel activity after stimulation with interleukin-1β decreased with time. Results of RT-PCR showed that the expression of SREBP-2 and SREBP cleavage activating protein mRNA was significantly increased after stimulation with interleukin-1βas compared with the control group and increased with time. On the contrary, the expression of aggrecan and colagen II mRNA was decreased with time. It is revealed that interleukin-1β could inhibit the proliferation of regular chondrocytes and the expression of its extracelular matrix, and furthermore, induce chondrocyte hypertrophy. The expression of SREBP-2 showed a negative relationship with key cartilage genes during this interleukin-1β-induced degeneration.

Purpurin is a common component ofRubia cordifolia L. The study on its molecular target was useful for elucidating the therapeutic material basis and action mechanism ofR. cordifolia. HT-29 cells were used in the cell culture. The highly expressed G Protein-coupled Receptor-35 (GPR35) agonist was used as target. The label-free optical biosensor cellular assay was used to investigate the agonist activity ofpurpurin at an endogenous receptor. The results showed thatpurpurin can cause DMR response in HT-29 cells. And the DMR response curve type was consistent with zaprinast. Its EC50 was 6.142± 0.189μmol·L-1. In addition,purpurinhad desensitization effect on GPR35 agonist zaprinast in HT-29 cells. GPR35 agonist ML145 blocked the DMR ofpurpurin. It was concluded thatpurpurinwas the GPR35 agonist.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on cultured Sprague-Dawley rat cortical neurons injured through hypoxia/reoxygenation.Methods Primary cultured cerebral cortical neurons were isolated from newborn rots.Neurons were pre-incubated with different concentrations (15,30 and 60 μg/L) of HGF.The cell viability was detected by MTT.Apoptosis was measured by Hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometer.Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and caspase-3 activity were determined by colorimetry.Results Compared with normal group,hypoxia/reoxygenation treatment significantly decreased cell viability,increased LDH activity and the percentage of apoptotic cells.Pretreatment of HGF for 12 h could remarkably reverse the decrease of cell viability and the increase of apoptosis rate in neurons induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation treatment.HGF pre-treatment also attenuated the activity of LDH and caspase-3 in a dose-dependent manner.The effects of HGF could be inhibited by a special PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor,LY294002.Condusion HGF could attenuate rat cortical neuron injury induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation.The neuroprotective effect of HGF may be related to activating PI3K/Akt pathway,and further suppressing the expression of caspase-3.

Multimedia computing technology teaching is a new kind teaching method. It conquers many shortcomings such as poor video, poor expression in traditional teaching of microbiology. But it can also strangle the improvising creation of different teachers in teaching and then lead it to be typical " computer teaching" . So we should obey the teaching discipline in making multimedia computing technology courseware. It can lead many sections part from the class teaching if just emphasize the full use of video and audio. We should make the purpose obviously, and make it as easy as possible in teaching, and we should also explore the fixed regularity to make the teaching and studying integrated perfectly.

Objective To investigate the technique and clinical results of rectangular SL-PLUS/SLR-PLUS cementless stem prosthesis in treating femoral bone defects in total hip revision surgery.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed involving 57 patients underwent total hip revision using SL-PLUS/SLR-PLUS cementless stem prosthesis for femoral defects from October 2000 to April 2014,including 22 males and 35 females with average age 62 years (range 44 to 83 years).All patients underwent unilateral surgery,21 in the left and 36 in the right.Eighteen cases of Paprosky Ⅱ,23 cases of type ⅢA and 16 cases of type ⅢB were included.Revision surgeries were performed using uncemented rectangular SL-PLUS/SLRPLUS femoral stems.Femurs were split in 12 cases without bone grafting.Acetabulum revision or acetabuloplasty were conducted in 51 cases by the use of 33 spherical cups and 18 reinforcement rings.Signs for prosthesis loosing such as transparent line around prosthesis,osteolysis and subsidence were recorded at the follow-ups.The clinical effects were evaluated using visual analogue scale (VAS),Harris score and activity daily life (ADL) score.Results The average operation was 108 min,ranging from 100 to 170 min.The average blood loss was 660 ml,ranging from 300 to 850 ml.All prostheses were placed optimally and received press-fit stability in the initial state.No neurological or vascular complication occurred during or after the operation.All incision healed at stage Ⅰ without nerve traction injury,joint dislocation,fractures,acute infection and lower limb deep vein thrombosis.The average follow-up duration was 4.8 years,ranging from 2 to 16 years.Total VAS improved from 6.54±1.56 to 2.28± 1.46 (t=17.335,P＜0.001).The Harris score improved from 46.74±7.95 to 78.46±8.25 (t=-25.012,P＜0.001),and the ADL scores increased from 56.84±6.86 to 69.39±7.56 (t=-21.309,P＜O.001).No prosthesis subsidence,prosthesis fracture and other complications occurred during the follow-up.Transparent lines around the upper part of the prosthesis were observed in 18 cases.All prosthesis-bone union was intact in the distal parts.Conclusion The segmental functional reconstruction with cementless rectangular SL-PLUS/SLR-PLUS stem prosthesis is a safe and reliable surgical procedure in patients with Paprosky Ⅱ or Ⅲ bone defects.

Objective To studythe cephalocaudal relationship ofabdominal aortic bifurcation relative toumbilicus and iliac crest vertex and their correlations with abdominal adipose tissue thickness and age. Methods The vertical distances,cephalocaudal relationship and other related anatomic parameters of aortic bifurcation relative to umbilicus and iliac crest vertex in 108 patientswere measured by consecutive abdominal CT scanning. The correlations of the acquired data with abdominal adipose tissue thickness and age were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient. Results Umbilicus was located at cephalad to aortic bifurcation in 67 patients(62.0%), caudal in 34(31.4%)andthe same level in 7(6.5%),with the vertical distance of(4.53 ± 17.51)mm to the aortic bifurcation. No statistically significant relationship was found between abdominal adipose tissue thickness(P>0.05) or age(P>0.05). Iliac crest vertex relative to aortic bifurcationwas located at cephalad,caudal and the same level in 31,71 and 6 patients,taking up 28.7%,65.7%and 5.6%,respectively. Its vertical distance to the bifurcation was(-6.34 ± 14.49)mm,nonrelated with abdominal adipose tissue thickness(P>0.05),but positively correlated with age(P<0.01). The difference in the cephalocaudal relationship of aortic bifurcation relative to umbilicus and iliac crest vertex was statistically significant(P<0.01). Conclusion Compared with iliac crest vertex,umbilicus is an important landmark of locating abdominal aortic terminal occlusion position in vitro because it mostly lies cephalad to aortic bifurcation in the front of the body,not easy to vary with abdominal adipose tissue thickness and age.